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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Nov;19(9):3798-819. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1094-7. Epub 2012 Aug 5.
Alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) are toxics classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds; they are used in detergents, paints, herbicides, pesticides, emulsifiers, wetting and dispersing agents, antistatic agents, demulsifiers, and solubilizers. Many studies have reported the occurrence of alkylphenols in different environmental matrices, though none of these studies have yet to establish a comprehensive overview of such compounds in the water cycle within an urban environment. This review summarizes APE concentrations for all environmental media throughout the water cycle, from the atmosphere to receiving waters. Once the occurrence of compounds has been assessed for each environmental compartment (urban wastewater, wastewater treatment plants [WWTP], atmosphere, and the natural environment), data are examined in order to understand the fate of APE in the environment and establish their geographical and historical trends. From this database, it is clear that the environment in Europe is much more contaminated by APE compared to North America and developing countries, although these APE levels have been decreasing in the last decade. APE concentrations in the WWTP effluent of developed countries have decreased by a factor of 100 over the past 30 years. This study is aimed at identifying both the correlations existing between environmental compartments and the processes that influence the fate and transport of these contaminants in the environment. In industrial countries, the concentrations observed in waterways now represent the background level of contamination, which provides evidence of a past diffuse pollution in these countries, whereas sediment analyses conducted in developing countries show an increase in APE content over the last several years. Finally, similar trends have been observed in samples drawn from Europe and North America.
烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚（APE）是被归类为内分泌干扰物的有毒物质；它们被用于洗涤剂、油漆、除草剂、杀虫剂、乳化剂、润湿和分散剂、抗静电剂、破乳剂和增溶剂。许多研究报告了不同环境基质中烷基酚的存在，但这些研究尚未建立城市环境中水循环中此类化合物的综合概述。本综述总结了整个水循环中所有环境介质（从大气到受纳水体）中 APE 的浓度。一旦评估了每种环境组分（城市废水、废水处理厂[WWTP]、大气和自然环境）中化合物的出现情况，就会检查数据以了解 APE 在环境中的命运并确定其地理和历史趋势。从这个数据库中可以清楚地看出，与北美和发展中国家相比，欧洲的环境受 APE 污染更为严重，尽管过去十年中这些 APE 水平一直在下降。过去 30 年来，发达国家 WWTP 废水中的 APE 浓度已降低了 100 倍。本研究旨在确定环境组分之间存在的相关性，以及影响这些污染物在环境中命运和迁移的过程。在工业化国家，水道中观察到的浓度现在代表了污染的背景水平，这表明这些国家过去存在广泛的污染，而在发展中国家进行的沉积物分析显示，过去几年 APE 含量有所增加。最后，在来自欧洲和北美的样本中也观察到了类似的趋势。
