Interdisciplinary Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Exerc Immunol Rev. 2012;18:158-76.
Regular exercise and physical activity provide many health benefits and are encouraged by medical professionals for the primary prevention of and adjuvant treatment of breast cancer Current consensus in the discipline of exercise oncology is that both regular physical activity and exercise training exert some protective effect against breast cancer risk, and may reduce morbidity in some advanced cases. While there is growing interest in the role of exercise and physical activity in breast cancer prevention, it is currently unclear how exercise may modulate tumor behavior. The tumor microenvironment is populated by stromal cells such as fibroblasts and adipocytes, as well as macrophages. Termed tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), these immune cells are highly plastic and respond to different signals from the cancer microenvironment, causing them to either display tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing phenotypes. Because of such plasticity, there has been considerable interest by immunologists to develop immunotherapies based on skewing the behavior of TAMs to become cancer-suppressive. Previous studies have indirectly shown the ability of exercise training to induce an anti-tumor effect of macrophages, although the studies did not address this in the tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, this opens up the possibility that regular exercise training may exert a protective innate immune effect against breast cancer, potentially by inducing a cancer-suppressing phenotype of TAMs. This review will describe potential mechanisms through which exercise may modulate the behavior of TAMs.
定期运动和身体活动对健康有诸多益处，医学专业人员鼓励通过定期运动和身体活动来预防乳腺癌和辅助治疗乳腺癌。目前，运动肿瘤学领域的共识是，有规律的体育活动和运动训练都对降低乳腺癌风险有一定的保护作用，并可能降低某些晚期病例的发病率。虽然人们对运动和身体活动在乳腺癌预防中的作用越来越感兴趣，但目前尚不清楚运动如何调节肿瘤行为。肿瘤微环境中存在成纤维细胞和脂肪细胞等基质细胞以及巨噬细胞。这些免疫细胞被称为肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAMs），它们具有很强的可塑性，并对来自癌症微环境的不同信号做出反应，导致它们表现出促进肿瘤或抑制肿瘤的表型。由于这种可塑性，免疫学家对开发基于改变 TAMs 行为以成为癌症抑制性的免疫疗法产生了浓厚的兴趣。以前的研究已经间接表明运动训练能够诱导巨噬细胞产生抗肿瘤作用，尽管这些研究没有在肿瘤微环境中解决这个问题。然而，这为经常运动训练可能通过诱导 TAMs 的癌症抑制表型来对乳腺癌产生保护性先天免疫效应提供了可能性。本文将描述运动可能调节 TAMs 行为的潜在机制。
