Nieto Nathan C, Khan Khalid, Uhllah Ghufran, Teglas Mike B
Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Science, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA.
Front Physiol. 2012 Jul 9;3:250. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00250. eCollection 2012.
Human populations throughout much of the world are experiencing unprecedented changes in their relationship to the environment and their interactions with the animals with which so many humans are intimately dependent upon. These changes result not only from human induced changes in the climate, but also from population demographic changes due to wars, social unrest, behavioral changes resulting from cultural mixing, and large changes in land-use practices. Each of these social shifts can affect the maintenance and emergence of arthropod vectors disease or the pathogenic organisms themselves. A good example is the country of Pakistan, with a large rural population and developing urban economy, it also maintains a wide diversity of entomological disease vectors, including biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. Pathogens endemic to the region include the agents of piroplasmosis, rickettsiosis, spirochetosis, and viral hemorrhagic fevers and encephalitis. The northwestern region of the country, including the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), formerly the North-West Frontier Provence (NWFP), and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are mountainous regions with a high degree of habitat diversity that has recently undergone a massive increase in human population density due to an immigrating refugee population from neighboring war-torn Afghanistan. Vector-borne diseases in people and livestock are common in KPK and FATA regions due to the limited use of vector control measures and access to livestock vaccines. The vast majority of people in this region live in abject poverty with >70% of the population living directly from production gained in animal husbandry. In many instances whole families live directly alongside their animal counterparts. In addition, there is little to no awareness of the threat posed by ticks and transmission of either zoonotic or veterinary pathogens. Recent emergence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in rural populations, outbreaks of Dengue hemorrhagic fever have been reported in the region, and high prevalence of cattle infected and co-infected with multiple species of hemoparasites (Theileria, Babesia, Anaplasma). The emergence of which has followed the increased density of the rural population due to an influx of refugees from violent conflicts in Afghanistan and is exacerbated by an already impoverished society and wide diversity of potential arthropod vectors. These human outbreaks may be exacerbated by episodes of social upheaval but are also tied to the historically close association of people in the region with their livestock and subsequent zoonosis that result from spillover from co-habitation with infected domestic animals.
世界上大部分地区的人类在与环境的关系以及与众多人类密切依赖的动物的互动方面正经历着前所未有的变化。这些变化不仅源于人类引起的气候变化，还源于战争导致的人口结构变化、社会动荡、文化融合带来的行为变化以及土地利用方式的巨大改变。这些社会转变中的每一个都可能影响节肢动物媒介疾病或致病生物体本身的维持和出现。一个很好的例子是巴基斯坦，该国农村人口众多，城市经济正在发展，同时还存在种类繁多的昆虫病媒，包括叮咬蝇、蚊子和蜱。该地区的地方病原体包括梨形虫病、立克次体病、螺旋体病以及病毒性出血热和脑炎的病原体。该国西北部地区，包括开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省（KPK，前身为西北边境省NWFP）和联邦直辖部落地区（FATA），是山区，栖息地多样性高，由于来自邻国饱受战争蹂躏的阿富汗的难民涌入，最近人口密度大幅增加。由于病媒控制措施使用有限以及难以获得牲畜疫苗，开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省和联邦直辖部落地区的人和牲畜中病媒传播疾病很常见。该地区绝大多数人生活在赤贫之中，超过70%的人口直接依靠畜牧业生产为生。在许多情况下，整个家庭直接与他们的牲畜生活在一起。此外,人们对蜱以及人畜共患病原体或兽医病原体传播所构成的威胁几乎没有认识。最近农村人口中出现了克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒，该地区报告了登革出血热疫情，并且牛感染多种血液寄生虫（泰勒虫、巴贝斯虫、无形体）以及同时感染多种寄生虫的情况很普遍。这些情况的出现是由于来自阿富汗暴力冲突的难民涌入导致农村人口密度增加，并且已经贫困的社会以及潜在节肢动物病媒种类繁多使情况更加恶化。这些人类疫情可能因社会动荡事件而加剧，但也与该地区人们与牲畜在历史上的密切联系以及随后因与受感染家畜同居而导致的人畜共患病有关。
