University of Washington, School of Social Work, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Am J Public Health. 2012 Nov;102(11):2049-56. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300929. Epub 2012 Sep 20.
I systematically examined income gradients in health in the United States and England across the life span (ages birth to 80 years), separately for females and males, for a number of health conditions.
Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the United States (n = 36 360) and the Health Survey for England (n = 55 783), I calculated weighted prevalence rates and risk ratios by income level for the following health risk factors or conditions: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high cholesterol ratio, heart attack or angina, stroke, and asthma.
In the United States and England, the income gradients in health are very similar across age, gender, and numerous health conditions, and are robust to adjustments for race/ethnicity, health behaviors, body mass index, and health insurance.
Health disparities by income are pervasive in England as well as in the United States, despite better overall health, universal health insurance, and more generous social protection spending in England.
我系统地研究了美国和英国在整个生命周期（出生至 80 岁）中健康状况的收入梯度差异，分别针对女性和男性，以及多种健康状况。
使用来自美国国家健康和营养调查的数据（n=36360）和英国健康调查的数据（n=55783），我按收入水平计算了以下健康风险因素或状况的加权患病率和风险比：肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高胆固醇比值、心脏病发作或心绞痛、中风和哮喘。
在美国和英国，健康状况的收入梯度在不同年龄、性别和多种健康状况下非常相似，并且在调整种族/民族、健康行为、体重指数和健康保险后仍然稳健。
尽管英国的整体健康状况更好，全民医疗保险和更慷慨的社会保护支出，但收入造成的健康差距在英国和美国都普遍存在。
