IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany,
Eur J Nutr. 2013 Oct;52(7):1711-9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0474-6. Epub 2012 Dec 2.
Even mild iodine deficiency may negatively affect cognitive performance, especially at a young age. Our aim was to investigate iodine status in very young children and to assess the importance of iodized salt in processed foods of which the use has decreased during the last years in Germany.
Twenty-four hours urinary iodine excretion (UIE) as a marker of iodine intake was measured in 378 24 h urine samples collected 2003-2010 by 221 3 to <6 years old participants of the DONALD Study. Parallel 3-d weighed dietary records and measurements of urinary sodium excretion provided data on the daily consumption of the most important iodine sources in the children's diet (iodized salt, milk, fish, meat and eggs). Time trends of UIE (2003-2010) and contributions of the different food groups were analyzed by using linear mixed-effects regression models.
Median UIE of 71 μg/d in boys and 65 μg/d in girls (P = 0.03), corresponding to an iodine intake of 82 and 75 μg/d, respectively (assumption: 15% non-renal iodine losses), was below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 90 μg/d. Milk, salt and egg intake were significant predictors of UIE; milk and salt together accounted for >80% of iodine supply. Between 2003 and 2010, UIE decreased significantly by approximately 1 μg/d per year. The contribution of salt intake to UIE decreased from 2003-2006 to 2007-2010.
In countries where salt is a major iodine source, already modest decreases in the iodized proportion of salt used in processed foods may relevantly impair iodine status even in preschool children.
即使是轻度的碘缺乏也可能对认知表现产生负面影响，尤其是在年幼时。我们的目的是研究非常年幼的儿童的碘状况，并评估在过去几年中在德国使用减少的加工食品中碘盐的重要性。
2003 年至 2010 年，通过 221 名年龄在 3 至<6 岁的 DONALD 研究参与者收集了 378 份 24 小时尿液样本，测量了 24 小时尿碘排泄量（UIE）作为碘摄入量的标志物。同时进行了 3 天的饮食称重记录和尿钠排泄测量，提供了儿童饮食中最重要的碘源（碘盐、牛奶、鱼类、肉类和蛋类）的日常摄入量数据。使用线性混合效应回归模型分析了 UIE 的时间趋势（2003-2010 年）和不同食物组的贡献。
男孩的 UIE 中位数为 71μg/d，女孩为 65μg/d（P=0.03），分别相当于碘摄入量为 82 和 75μg/d（假设：15%的非肾碘丢失），低于推荐的膳食允许量（RDA）90μg/d。牛奶、盐和蛋的摄入量是 UIE 的显著预测因子；牛奶和盐一起占碘供应的>80%。2003 年至 2010 年间，UIE 每年约减少 1μg/d。盐摄入量对 UIE 的贡献从 2003 年至 2006 年减少到 2007 年至 2010 年。
在盐是主要碘源的国家，即使在学龄前儿童中，加工食品中碘盐比例的适度降低也可能显著损害碘状况。
