Nutrition Research Australia, Fairlight, NSW 2094, Australia.
Nutr Res. 2013 Feb;33(2):95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.12.005. Epub 2013 Jan 26.
In Australia, 60% of children (9-16 years) are not meeting the estimated average requirement (EAR) for calcium, and milk is an important dietary source of calcium. We hypothesized that milk drinking (plain or flavored) would be associated with higher milk and nutrient intake among Australian children. Nutrient intakes reported via 24-hour recalls and anthropometric measurements collected from the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were analyzed. Children and adolescents (cross sectional, n = 4487, 2-16 years) were classified into 4 categories according to milk intake: (i) exclusively plain milk drinkers, (ii) flavored (flavored and plain) milk drinkers, (iii) nondrinkers of milk (no plain or flavored milk as beverage), and (iv) nonconsumers of milk (total milk intake is 0 g). Total daily milk, energy and nutrient intake, body mass index, and waist circumference were compared between categories of milk drinking by analysis of variance models. Results of this study show that milk drinkers (plain or flavored) had a significantly higher total milk intake than did nondrinkers of milk. Milk drinking was associated with higher intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and iodine in comparison with nondrinkers of milk and nonconsumers of milk (P < .05). Milk drinkers (exclusively plain or flavored) were more likely to meet the EAR for calcium than nondrinkers and nonconsumers of milk, whereas flavored milk drinkers were more likely to meet the EAR for calcium than exclusively plain milk drinkers. In particular, among children aged 9 to 16 years, flavored milk drinkers were 1.7 times more likely to meet the EAR for calcium than plain milk drinkers (P < .001). Although flavored milk drinkers had higher total sugar and energy intakes than did exclusively plain milk drinkers and nonconsumers of milk (P < .05), no between-group differences were observed in body mass index, waist circumference, or physical activity level. In conclusion, drinking milk was associated with higher total milk and micronutrient intake, and drinking both plain and flavored milk may help children meet their calcium requirements without negatively impacting body weight measures.
在澳大利亚，60%的儿童（9-16 岁）达不到钙的估计平均需求量（EAR），而牛奶是钙的重要膳食来源。我们假设饮用牛奶（原味或调味）与澳大利亚儿童较高的牛奶和营养摄入有关。通过 24 小时回忆和 2007 年澳大利亚全国儿童营养和身体活动调查收集的人体测量数据报告了营养摄入量。根据牛奶摄入量将儿童和青少年（横断面，n=4487，2-16 岁）分为 4 类：（i）仅饮用原味牛奶者，（ii）饮用调味（调味和原味）牛奶者，（iii）不饮牛奶者（不将牛奶作为饮料），和（iv）不食用牛奶者（总牛奶摄入量为 0 克）。通过方差分析模型比较了不同牛奶饮用类别之间的总日牛奶、能量和营养素摄入量、体重指数和腰围。这项研究的结果表明，与不饮牛奶者相比，饮用牛奶（原味或调味）者的总牛奶摄入量明显更高。与不饮牛奶者和不食用牛奶者相比，饮用牛奶与钙、磷、镁、钾和碘的摄入量较高相关（P<.05）。与不饮牛奶者和不食用牛奶者相比，饮用牛奶（仅原味或调味）者更有可能达到钙的 EAR，而饮用调味牛奶者更有可能达到钙的 EAR 比仅饮用原味牛奶者。特别是在 9 至 16 岁的儿童中，饮用调味牛奶者达到钙 EAR 的可能性比仅饮用原味牛奶者高 1.7 倍（P<.001）。尽管饮用调味牛奶者的总糖和能量摄入量高于仅饮用原味牛奶者和不食用牛奶者（P<.05），但在体重指数、腰围或身体活动水平方面没有观察到组间差异。总之，饮用牛奶与更高的总牛奶和微量营养素摄入量有关，饮用原味和调味牛奶可能有助于儿童满足其钙需求，而不会对体重指标产生负面影响。
