Molecular Epidemiology, Genomics, Environment and Health, RTI International, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Prev Sci. 2013 Jun;14(3):257-66. doi: 10.1007/s11121-012-0322-1.
Adolescence is a transitional period in development that is marked by a distinct, typical behavioral profile of high rates of exploration, novelty-seeking, and emotional lability. While these behaviors generally assist the adolescent transition to independence, they can also confer vulnerability for excessive risk-taking and psychopathology, particularly in the context of specific environmental or genetic influences. As prevention research depends on the identification of targets of vulnerability, the following review will discuss the interplay among motivational systems including reward-related, avoidance-related, and regulatory processes in typical and atypical adolescent development. Each set of processes will be discussed in relation to their underlying neural correlates and distinct developmental trajectories. Evidence suggests that typical adolescent behavior and the risk for atypical development are mediated by heightened adolescent responsiveness of reward-related and avoidance-related systems under specific conditions, concurrent with poor modulation by immature regulatory processes. Finally, we will propose strategies to exploit heightened reward processing to reinforce inhibitory control, which is an essential component of regulatory processes in prevention interventions.
青春期是发育的过渡阶段，其特点是具有明显的典型行为特征，表现为高探索率、寻求新奇和情绪不稳定。虽然这些行为通常有助于青少年向独立过渡，但它们也可能导致过度冒险和精神病理学，尤其是在特定的环境或遗传影响下。由于预防研究依赖于脆弱性目标的确定，因此以下综述将讨论奖励相关、回避相关和调节过程等动机系统在典型和非典型青少年发育中的相互作用。将根据其潜在的神经相关性和不同的发展轨迹来讨论每组过程。有证据表明，在特定条件下，典型的青少年行为和非典型发育的风险是由奖励相关和回避相关系统的青少年反应性增强介导的，同时调节过程不成熟导致调节能力差。最后，我们将提出利用增强的奖励处理来加强抑制控制的策略，这是预防干预中调节过程的一个重要组成部分。
