UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town, South Africa.
Sports Med. 2013 Apr;43(4):227-41. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0025-1.
This article reviews the brain structures and neural circuitry underlying the motor system as it pertains to endurance exercise. Some obvious phenomena that occur during endurance racing events that need to be explained neurophysiologically are variable pacing strategies, the end spurt, motivation and the rating of perceived exertion. Understanding the above phenomena physiologically is problematic due to the sheer complexity of obtaining real-time brain measurements during exercise. In those rare instances where brain measurements have been made during exercise, the measurements have usually been limited to the sensory and motor cortices; or the exercise itself was limited to small muscle groups. Without discounting the crucial importance of the primary motor cortex in the execution of voluntary movement, it is surprising that very few exercise studies pay any attention to the complex and dynamic organization of motor action in relation to the subcortical nuclei, given that they are essential for the execution of normal movement patterns. In addition, the findings from laboratory-based exercise performance trials are hampered by the absence of objective measures of the motivational state of subjects. In this review we propose that some of the above phenomena may be explained by distinguishing between voluntary, vigorous and urgent motor behaviours during exercise, given that different CNS structures and neurotransmitters are involved in the execution of these different motor behaviours.
这篇文章综述了与耐力运动相关的运动系统的大脑结构和神经回路。耐力竞赛中出现的一些需要神经生理学解释的明显现象包括变速策略、冲刺、动机和感知用力评级。由于在运动过程中获得实时大脑测量的复杂性，理解上述现象在生理学上是有问题的。在极少数情况下，在运动过程中进行了大脑测量，这些测量通常仅限于感觉和运动皮层；或者运动本身仅限于小肌肉群。不能否认初级运动皮层在执行随意运动中的至关重要性，但令人惊讶的是，很少有运动研究关注与皮质下核相关的运动动作的复杂和动态组织，因为它们对于执行正常运动模式是必不可少的。此外，由于缺乏对受试者动机状态的客观测量，基于实验室的运动表现试验的结果受到阻碍。在本综述中，我们提出可以通过区分运动过程中的自愿、剧烈和紧急运动行为来解释上述一些现象，因为不同的中枢神经系统结构和神经递质参与了这些不同的运动行为的执行。
