1 Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland .
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Dec 10;19(17):2157-96. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4662. Epub 2013 Apr 15.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert various biological effects and contribute to signaling events during physiological and pathological processes. Enhanced levels of ROS are highly associated with different tumors, a Western lifestyle, and a nutritional regime. The supplementation of food with traditional antioxidants was shown to be protective against cancer in a number of studies both in vitro and in vivo. However, recent large-scale human trials in well-nourished populations did not confirm the beneficial role of antioxidants in cancer, whereas there is a well-established connection between longevity of several human populations and increased amount of antioxidants in their diets. Although our knowledge about ROS generators, ROS scavengers, and ROS signaling has improved, the knowledge about the direct link between nutrition, ROS levels, and cancer is limited. These limitations are partly due to lack of standardized reliable ROS measurement methods, easily usable biomarkers, knowledge of ROS action in cellular compartments, and individual genetic predispositions. The current review summarizes ROS formation due to nutrition with respect to macronutrients and antioxidant micronutrients in the context of cancer and discusses signaling mechanisms, used biomarkers, and its limitations along with large-scale human trials.
活性氧（ROS）在生理和病理过程中发挥各种生物学效应，并参与信号事件。ROS 水平升高与多种肿瘤、西方生活方式和营养状况密切相关。许多体外和体内研究表明，通过食物补充传统抗氧化剂可预防癌症。然而，最近在营养良好的人群中进行的大规模人体试验并未证实抗氧化剂在癌症中的有益作用，而一些人类群体的长寿与饮食中抗氧化剂含量的增加之间存在着明确的联系。尽管我们对 ROS 生成剂、ROS 清除剂和 ROS 信号转导的了解有所提高，但关于营养、ROS 水平与癌症之间直接联系的知识仍然有限。这些局限性部分归因于缺乏标准化的可靠 ROS 测量方法、易于使用的生物标志物、ROS 在细胞区室中的作用以及个体遗传易感性等方面的知识。本文综述了营养物质（包括宏量营养素和抗氧化微量营养素）与癌症中 ROS 形成的关系，并讨论了信号转导机制、使用的生物标志物及其局限性以及大规模人体试验。
