Acc Chem Res. 2013 Oct 15;46(10):2211-24. doi: 10.1021/ar300159f.
Graphene has unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties, which researchers have used to develop novel electronic materials including transparent conductors and ultrafast transistors. Recently, the understanding of various chemical properties of graphene has facilitated its application in high-performance devices that generate and store energy. Graphene is now expanding its territory beyond electronic and chemical applications toward biomedical areas such as precise biosensing through graphene-quenched fluorescence, graphene-enhanced cell differentiation and growth, and graphene-assisted laser desorption/ionization for mass spectrometry. In this Account, we review recent efforts to apply graphene and graphene oxides (GO) to biomedical research and a few different approaches to prepare graphene materials designed for biomedical applications. Because of its excellent aqueous processability, amphiphilicity, surface functionalizability, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and fluorescence quenching ability, GO chemically exfoliated from oxidized graphite is considered a promising material for biological applications. In addition, the hydrophobicity and flexibility of large-area graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) allow this material to play an important role in cell growth and differentiation. The lack of acceptable classification standards of graphene derivatives based on chemical and physical properties has hindered the biological application of graphene derivatives. The development of an efficient graphene-based biosensor requires stable biofunctionalization of graphene derivatives under physiological conditions with minimal loss of their unique properties. For the development graphene-based therapeutics, researchers will need to build on the standardization of graphene derivatives and study the biofunctionalization of graphene to clearly understand how cells respond to exposure to graphene derivatives. Although several challenging issues remain, initial promising results in these areas point toward significant potential for graphene derivatives in biomedical research.
石墨烯具有独特的机械、电子和光学性能，研究人员利用这些性能开发出了新型电子材料，包括透明导体和超快速晶体管。最近，对石墨烯各种化学性质的理解促进了其在高性能器件中的应用，这些器件可用于产生和存储能量。石墨烯现在正在将其应用领域从电子和化学领域扩展到生物医学领域，例如通过石墨烯猝灭荧光进行精确的生物传感、石墨烯增强细胞分化和生长，以及石墨烯辅助激光解吸/电离用于质谱分析。在本综述中，我们回顾了最近将石墨烯和氧化石墨烯 (GO) 应用于生物医学研究的努力，以及几种用于生物医学应用的石墨烯材料的制备方法。由于其出色的水分散性、两亲性、表面功能化、表面增强拉曼散射 (SERS) 和荧光猝灭能力，从氧化石墨化学剥离的 GO 被认为是一种很有前途的生物应用材料。此外，通过化学气相沉积 (CVD) 合成的大面积石墨烯的疏水性和柔韧性使其在细胞生长和分化中发挥重要作用。由于缺乏基于化学和物理性质的可接受的石墨烯衍生物分类标准，阻碍了石墨烯衍生物的生物应用。开发高效的基于石墨烯的生物传感器需要在生理条件下对石墨烯衍生物进行稳定的生物功能化，同时尽量减少其独特性质的损失。对于基于石墨烯的治疗方法的研究，研究人员需要建立在石墨烯衍生物的标准化和石墨烯的生物功能化研究的基础上，以清楚地了解细胞对石墨烯衍生物暴露的反应。尽管仍存在一些具有挑战性的问题，但这些领域的初步有前景的结果表明，石墨烯衍生物在生物医学研究中有很大的潜力。
