Bishop D V, Brown B B, Robson J
Department of Psychology, University of Manchester, England.
J Speech Hear Res. 1990 Jun;33(2):210-9. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3302.210.
Twenty-four individuals with impaired speech (anarthria or dysarthria) were compared on tests of receptive language to a control group with normal speech. All subjects were cerebral-palsied and groups were matched on age and nonverbal ability. The speech-impaired subjects performed less well than controls on a phoneme discrimination task in which they were required to judge whether pairs of nonwords were the same or different. They were also impaired relative to controls on a receptive vocabulary test, but not in understanding of grammatical structure. One year later, phoneme discrimination skills were reassessed in this sample, using another same-different task, plus a new task in which subjects were required to judge if the name of a picture was spoken correctly or altered by one sound. Speech-impaired subjects performed as well as controls on the word judgment task, indicating that they can discriminate phoneme contrasts adequately. However, the same-different task again resulted in highly significant differences between speech-impaired and control groups. It is concluded that poor performance on the same-different task reflects weak memory for novel phonological strings, rather than impaired phoneme perception. It is proposed that retention of unfamiliar words is facilitated by overt or covert repetition, so individuals who cannot speak fluently have difficulty remembering nonwords. This explanation can account both for the poor performance of speech-impaired subjects on the same-different task, and for their selective deficit in vocabulary acquisition.
将24名言语障碍患者（完全性失语或构音障碍）与言语正常的对照组进行接受性语言测试比较。所有受试者均为脑瘫患者，两组在年龄和非语言能力方面相匹配。在一项音素辨别任务中，言语障碍受试者的表现不如对照组，该任务要求他们判断非单词对是否相同。在接受性词汇测试中，他们相对于对照组也存在障碍，但在语法结构理解方面没有问题。一年后，使用另一项异同任务以及一项新任务对该样本的音素辨别技能进行重新评估，新任务要求受试者判断图片的名称发音是否正确或是否有一个音被改变。言语障碍受试者在单词判断任务中的表现与对照组一样好，这表明他们能够充分辨别音素对比。然而，异同任务再次导致言语障碍组和对照组之间存在高度显著差异。研究得出结论，在异同任务中表现不佳反映了对新语音串的记忆较弱，而非音素感知受损。有人提出，通过显性或隐性重复有助于保留不熟悉的单词，因此不能流利说话的个体在记忆非单词方面存在困难。这一解释既可以说明言语障碍受试者在异同任务中的糟糕表现，也可以说明他们在词汇习得方面的选择性缺陷。
