McIntyre K M, Setzkorn C, Wardeh M, Hepworth P J, Radford A D, Baylis M
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool (UoL), Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool (UoL), Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
Prev Vet Med. 2014 Oct 1;116(3):325-35. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.002. Epub 2013 Jul 30.
What are all the species of pathogen that affect our livestock? As 6 out of every 10 human pathogens came from animals, with a good number from livestock and pets, it seems likely that the majority that emerge in the future, and which could threaten or devastate human health, will come from animals. Only 10 years ago, the first comprehensive pathogen list was compiled for humans; we still have no equivalent for animals. Here we describe the creation of a novel pathogen database, and present outputs from the database that demonstrate its value. The ENHanCEd Infectious Diseases database (EID2) is open-access and evidence-based, and it describes the pathogens of humans and animals, their host and vector species, and also their global occurrence. The EID2 systematically collates information on pathogens into a single resource using evidence from the NCBI Taxonomy database, the NCBI Nucleotide database, the NCBI MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) library and PubMed. Information about pathogens is assigned using data-mining of meta-data and semi-automated literature searches. Here we focus on 47 mammalian and avian hosts, including humans and animals commonly used in Europe as food or kept as pets. Currently, the EID2 evidence suggests that: • Within these host species, 793 (30.5%) pathogens were bacteria species, 395 (15.2%) fungi, 705 (27.1%) helminths, 372 (14.3%) protozoa and 332 (12.8%) viruses. • The odds of pathogens being emerging compared to not emerging differed by taxonomic division, and increased when pathogens had greater numbers of host species associated with them, and were zoonotic rather than non-zoonotic. • The odds of pathogens being zoonotic compared to non-zoonotic differed by taxonomic division and also increased when associated with greater host numbers. • The pathogens affecting the greatest number of hosts included: Escherichia coli, Giardia intestinalis, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Cryptosporidium parvum, Rabies virus, Staphylococcus aureus, Neospora caninum and Echinococcus granulosus. • The pathogens of humans and domestic animal hosts are characterised by 4223 interactions between pathogen and host species, with the greatest number found in: humans, sheep/goats, cattle, small mammals, pigs, dogs and equids. • The number of pathogen species varied by European country. The odds of a pathogen being found in Europe compared to the rest of the world differed by taxonomic division, and increased if they were emerging compared to not emerging, or had a larger number of host species associated with them.
影响我们家畜的病原体都有哪些种类？每10种人类病原体中有6种来自动物，其中相当一部分来自家畜和宠物，未来出现的、可能威胁或破坏人类健康的大多数病原体似乎都将来自动物。仅仅在10年前，才为人类编制了第一份全面的病原体清单；而我们仍然没有针对动物的类似清单。在此，我们描述了一个新型病原体数据库的创建过程，并展示了该数据库的产出以证明其价值。增强型传染病数据库（EID2）是开放获取且基于证据的，它描述了人类和动物的病原体、它们的宿主和媒介物种，以及它们在全球的分布情况。EID2利用来自NCBI分类数据库、NCBI核苷酸数据库、NCBI医学主题词表（MeSH）库和PubMed的证据，将有关病原体的信息系统地整理到一个单一资源中。有关病原体的信息是通过对元数据的数据挖掘和半自动文献检索来分配的。在此，我们重点关注47种哺乳动物和鸟类宿主，包括在欧洲通常用作食物或作为宠物饲养的人类和动物。目前，EID2的证据表明：
• 在这些宿主物种中，793种（30.5%）病原体是细菌物种，395种（15.2%）是真菌，705种（27.1%）是蠕虫，372种（14.3%）是原生动物，332种（12.8%）是病毒。
• 与未出现的病原体相比，新出现病原体的几率因分类类别而异，并且当病原体与更多宿主物种相关联且是人畜共患病原体而非非人畜共患病原体时，几率会增加。
• 与人畜共患病原体相比，非人畜共患病原体的几率因分类类别而异，并且与更多宿主数量相关联时也会增加。
• 影响宿主数量最多的病原体包括：大肠杆菌、肠贾第虫、刚地弓形虫、嗜吞噬细胞无形体、微小隐孢子虫、狂犬病病毒、金黄色葡萄球菌、犬新孢子虫和细粒棘球绦虫。
• 人类和家畜宿主的病原体以病原体与宿主物种之间的4223种相互作用为特征，其中数量最多的存在于：人类、绵羊/山羊、牛、小型哺乳动物、猪、狗和马属动物中。
• 病原体种类的数量因欧洲国家而异。与世界其他地区相比，在欧洲发现病原体的几率因分类类别而异，如果它们是新出现的病原体而非未出现的病原体，则几率会增加，或者如果它们与更多宿主物种相关联，几率也会增加。
