Scoboria Alan, Jackson Dennis L, Talarico Jennifer, Hanczakowski Maciej, Wysman Lauren, Mazzoni Giuliana
Department of Psychology, University of Windsor.
Department of Psychology, Lafayette College.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2014 Jun;143(3):1242-58. doi: 10.1037/a0034110. Epub 2013 Aug 19.
This article examines the idea that believing that events occurred in the past is a non-memorial decision that reflects underlying processes that are distinct from recollecting events. Research on autobiographical memory has often focused on events that are both believed to have occurred and remembered, thus tending to overlook the distinction between autobiographical belief and recollection. Studying event representations such as false memories, believed-not-remembered events, and non-believed memories shows the influence of non-memorial processes on evaluations of occurrence. Believing that an event occurred and recollecting an event may be more strongly dissociated than previously stated. The relative independence of these constructs was examined in 2 studies. In Study 1, multiple events were cued, and then each was rated on autobiographical belief, recollection, and other memory characteristics. In Study 2, participants described a nonbelieved memory, a believed memory, and a believed-not-remembered event, and they made similar ratings. In both studies, structural equation modeling techniques revealed distinct belief and recollection latent variables. Modeling the predictors of these factors revealed a double dissociation: Perceptual, re-experiencing, and emotional features predicted recollection and not belief, whereas event plausibility strongly predicted belief and weakly predicted recollection. The results show that judgments of autobiographical belief and recollection are distinct, that each is influenced by different sources of information and processes, and that the strength of their relationship varies depending on the type of event under study. The concept of autobiographical belief is elaborated, and implications of the findings are discussed in relation to decision making about events, social influence on memory, metacognition, and recognition processes.
本文探讨了这样一种观点，即认为过去发生过某些事件是一种非记忆性的判断，它反映了与回忆事件不同的潜在过程。自传体记忆的研究通常聚焦于那些既被认为发生过又被记住的事件，因此往往忽略了自传体信念与回忆之间的区别。对诸如错误记忆、信而不忆事件和不信记忆等事件表征的研究，揭示了非记忆过程对事件发生评估的影响。认为某事件发生与回忆该事件之间的分离程度可能比之前所说的更强。在两项研究中考察了这些概念的相对独立性。在研究1中，提示了多个事件，然后对每个事件在自传体信念、回忆及其他记忆特征方面进行评分。在研究2中，参与者描述了一个不信记忆、一个信记忆和一个信而不忆事件，并进行了类似的评分。在两项研究中，结构方程建模技术都揭示了不同的信念和回忆潜在变量。对这些因素的预测变量进行建模揭示了一种双重分离：感知、重新体验和情感特征预测回忆而非信念，而事件的似真性强烈预测信念且对回忆的预测较弱。结果表明，自传体信念和回忆的判断是不同的，它们各自受到不同信息来源和过程的影响，并且它们之间关系的强度因所研究事件的类型而异。阐述了自传体信念的概念，并结合关于事件的决策、社会对记忆的影响、元认知和识别过程讨论了研究结果的意义。
