Grundgeiger Tobias
Institute for Human-Computer-Media, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg, Geb. 82, 97074, Würzburg, Germany,
Mem Cognit. 2014 Apr;42(3):400-8. doi: 10.3758/s13421-013-0372-z.
Retrieving a subset of learned items can lead to the forgetting of related items. Such retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) can be explained by the inhibition of irrelevant items in order to overcome retrieval competition when the target item is retrieved. According to the retrieval inhibition account, such retrieval competition is a necessary condition for RIF. However, research has indicated that noncompetitive retrieval practice can also cause RIF by strengthening cue-item associations. According to the strength-dependent competition account, the strengthened items interfere with the retrieval of weaker items, resulting in impaired recall of weaker items in the final memory test. The aim of this study was to replicate RIF caused by noncompetitive retrieval practice and to determine whether this forgetting is also observed in recognition tests. In the context of RIF, it has been assumed that recognition tests circumvent interference and, therefore, should not be sensitive to forgetting due to strength-dependent competition. However, this has not been empirically tested, and it has been suggested that participants may reinstate learned cues as retrieval aids during the final test. In the present experiments, competitive practice or noncompetitive practice was followed by either final cued-recall tests or recognition tests. In cued-recall tests, RIF was observed in both competitive and noncompetitive conditions. However, in recognition tests, RIF was observed only in the competitive condition and was absent in the noncompetitive condition. The result underscores the contribution of strength-dependent competition to RIF. However, recognition tests seem to be a reliable way of distinguishing between RIF due to retrieval inhibition or strength-dependent competition.
提取一部分已学项目可能会导致相关项目被遗忘。这种提取诱发遗忘（RIF）可以通过抑制无关项目来解释，以便在提取目标项目时克服提取竞争。根据提取抑制理论，这种提取竞争是RIF的必要条件。然而，研究表明，非竞争性提取练习也可以通过加强线索-项目关联来导致RIF。根据强度依赖竞争理论，被加强的项目会干扰较弱项目的提取，导致在最终记忆测试中较弱项目的回忆受损。本研究的目的是复制由非竞争性提取练习引起的RIF，并确定这种遗忘是否也出现在识别测试中。在RIF的背景下，人们认为识别测试可以避免干扰，因此，不应因强度依赖竞争而对遗忘敏感。然而，这一点尚未得到实证检验，有人提出，参与者可能会在最终测试中恢复已学线索作为提取辅助。在本实验中，在竞争性练习或非竞争性练习之后进行最终的线索回忆测试或识别测试。在线索回忆测试中，在竞争性和非竞争性条件下均观察到RIF。然而，在识别测试中，仅在竞争性条件下观察到RIF，在非竞争性条件下未观察到。该结果强调了强度依赖竞争对RIF的作用。然而，识别测试似乎是区分由提取抑制或强度依赖竞争导致的RIF的可靠方法。
