Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013 Dec 13;10(1):71. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-71.
Caffeine, nicotine, ethanol and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are among the most prevalent and culturally accepted drugs in western society. For example, in Europe and North America up to 90% of the adult population drinks coffee daily and, although less prevalent, the other drugs are also used extensively by the population. Smoked tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption and marijuana (cannabis) smoking are addictive and exhibit adverse health effects. These drugs are not only common in the general population, but have also made their way into elite sports because of their purported performance-altering potential. Only one of the drugs (i.e., caffeine) has enough scientific evidence indicating an ergogenic effect. There is some preliminary evidence for nicotine as an ergogenic aid, but further study is required; cannabis and alcohol can exhibit ergogenic potential under specific circumstances but are in general believed to be ergolytic for sports performance. These drugs are currently (THC, ethanol) or have been (caffeine) on the prohibited list of the World Anti-Doping Agency or are being monitored (nicotine) due to their potential ergogenic or ergolytic effects. The aim of this brief review is to evaluate the effects of caffeine, nicotine, ethanol and THC by: 1) examining evidence supporting the ergogenic or ergolytic effects; 2) providing an overview of the mechanism(s) of action and physiological effects; and 3) where appropriate, reviewing their impact as performance-altering aids used in recreational and elite sports.
咖啡因、尼古丁、乙醇和四氢大麻酚（THC）是西方社会最普遍和文化上可接受的药物之一。例如，在欧洲和北美，高达 90%的成年人每天喝咖啡，尽管不太普遍，但其他药物也被广泛使用。吸烟、酗酒和吸食大麻（大麻）会上瘾，并对健康产生不良影响。这些药物不仅在普通人群中很常见，而且由于它们据称具有改变性能的潜力，也已经进入了精英运动。只有一种药物（即咖啡因）有足够的科学证据表明具有促进作用。尼古丁有一些初步的促进作用的证据，但需要进一步研究；大麻和酒精在特定情况下可能表现出促进作用，但一般来说，它们被认为会对运动表现产生抑制作用。这些药物目前（THC、乙醇）或曾经（咖啡因）被世界反兴奋剂机构列入禁用名单，或因潜在的促进或抑制作用而受到监测（尼古丁）。本综述的目的是通过以下方式评估咖啡因、尼古丁、乙醇和 THC 的作用：1）检查支持其促进或抑制作用的证据；2）概述其作用机制和生理效应；3）在适当的情况下，审查它们作为娱乐和精英运动中改变性能的辅助手段的影响。
