Wang Yan, Kasper Lloyd H
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
Brain Behav Immun. 2014 May;38:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.015. Epub 2013 Dec 25.
Mammals live in a co-evolutionary association with the plethora of microorganisms that reside at a variety of tissue microenvironments. The microbiome represents the collective genomes of these co-existing microorganisms, which is shaped by host factors such as genetics and nutrients but in turn is able to influence host biology in health and disease. Niche-specific microbiome, prominently the gut microbiome, has the capacity to effect both local and distal sites within the host. The gut microbiome has played a crucial role in the bidirectional gut-brain axis that integrates the gut and central nervous system (CNS) activities, and thus the concept of microbiome-gut-brain axis is emerging. Studies are revealing how diverse forms of neuro-immune and neuro-psychiatric disorders are correlated with or modulated by variations of microbiome, microbiota-derived products and exogenous antibiotics and probiotics. The microbiome poises the peripheral immune homeostasis and predisposes host susceptibility to CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Neural, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms are also critical mediators of the microbiome-CNS signaling, which are more involved in neuro-psychiatric disorders such as autism, depression, anxiety, stress. Research on the role of microbiome in CNS disorders deepens our academic knowledge about host-microbiome commensalism in central regulation and in practicality, holds conceivable promise for developing novel prognostic and therapeutic avenues for CNS disorders.
哺乳动物与大量存在于各种组织微环境中的微生物共同进化。微生物群代表了这些共存微生物的集体基因组，它受遗传和营养等宿主因素影响，但反过来又能影响宿主在健康和疾病状态下的生物学特性。特定生态位的微生物群，尤其是肠道微生物群，能够影响宿主体内的局部和远端部位。肠道微生物群在整合肠道和中枢神经系统（CNS）活动的双向肠-脑轴中发挥了关键作用，因此微生物群-肠-脑轴的概念正在兴起。研究表明，多种形式的神经免疫和神经精神疾病与微生物群、微生物群衍生产物以及外源性抗生素和益生菌的变化相关或受其调节。微生物群维持外周免疫稳态，并使宿主易患中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病，如多发性硬化症。神经、内分泌和代谢机制也是微生物群与中枢神经系统信号传导的关键介质，它们更多地参与自闭症、抑郁症、焦虑症、应激等神经精神疾病。对微生物群在中枢神经系统疾病中作用的研究加深了我们对宿主-微生物群共生关系在中枢调节方面的学术认识，并且在实际应用中，为开发中枢神经系统疾病的新型预后和治疗途径带来了可期的希望。
