Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Feb 24;11(1):24. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-11-24.
Direct relationships between safety concerns and physical activity have been inconsistently patterned in the literature. To tease out these relationships, crime, pedestrian, and traffic safety were examined as moderators of built environment associations with physical activity.
Exploratory analyses used two cross-sectional studies of 2068 adults ages 20-65 and 718 seniors ages 66+ with similar designs and measures. The studies were conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland-Washington, DC and Seattle-King County, Washington regions during 2001-2005 (adults) and 2005-2008 (seniors). Participants were recruited from areas selected to sample high- and low- income and walkability. Independent variables perceived crime, traffic, and pedestrian safety were measured using scales from validated instruments. A GIS-based walkability index was calculated for a street-network buffer around each participant's home address. Outcomes were total physical activity measured using accelerometers and transportation and leisure walking measured with validated self-reports (IPAQ-long). Mixed effects regression models were conducted separately for each sample.
Of 36 interactions evaluated across both studies, only 5 were significant (p< .05). Significant interactions did not consistently support a pattern of highest physical activity when safety was rated high and environments were favorable. There was not consistent evidence that safety concerns reduced the beneficial effects of favorable environments on physical activity. Only pedestrian safety showed evidence of a consistent main effect with physical activity outcomes, possibly because pedestrian safety items (e.g., crosswalks, sidewalks) were not as subjective as those on the crime and traffic safety scales.
Clear relationships between crime, pedestrian, and traffic safety with physical activity levels remain elusive. The development of more precise safety variables and the use of neighborhood-specific physical activity outcomes may help to elucidate these relationships.
安全性关注与身体活动之间的直接关系在文献中表现不一致。为了梳理这些关系，本研究将犯罪、行人及交通安全作为构建环境与身体活动之间关系的调节因素进行了检验。
采用两项横断面研究进行探索性分析，研究对象分别为年龄在 20-65 岁的 2068 名成年人和年龄在 66 岁及以上的 718 名老年人，这两项研究设计和测量方法相似，均在马里兰州巴尔的摩-华盛顿特区和华盛顿州西雅图-金县进行，时间分别为 2001-2005 年（成年人）和 2005-2008 年（老年人）。参与者从高收入和低收入及步行适宜性地区抽样选取。使用验证工具中的量表来测量感知的犯罪、交通和行人安全等独立变量。基于 GIS 的步行适宜性指数则是根据每个参与者家庭住址的街道网络缓冲区计算得出。结果通过加速度计测量的总身体活动量和验证后的 IPAQ-long 测量的交通和休闲步行量来表示。混合效应回归模型分别在两个样本中进行。
在两项研究共评估的 36 项交互作用中，仅有 5 项具有统计学意义（p<0.05）。具有统计学意义的交互作用并不始终支持安全评级高且环境有利时身体活动量最高的模式。没有一致的证据表明安全问题削弱了有利环境对身体活动的有益影响。只有行人安全显示出与身体活动结果具有一致性的主要作用，这可能是因为行人安全项目（如，人行横道、人行道）不如犯罪和交通安全量表中的项目那么主观。
犯罪、行人及交通安全与身体活动水平之间的明确关系仍难以捉摸。开发更精确的安全变量并使用特定于邻里的身体活动结果可能有助于阐明这些关系。
