Cogsdill Emily J, Todorov Alexander T, Spelke Elizabeth S, Banaji Mahzarin R
1Harvard University.
Psychol Sci. 2014 May 1;25(5):1132-9. doi: 10.1177/0956797614523297. Epub 2014 Feb 25.
Human adults attribute character traits to faces readily and with high consensus. In two experiments investigating the development of face-to-trait inference, adults and children ages 3 through 10 attributed trustworthiness, dominance, and competence to pairs of faces. In Experiment 1, the attributions of 3- to 4-year-olds converged with those of adults, and 5- to 6-year-olds' attributions were at adult levels of consistency. Children ages 3 and above consistently attributed the basic mean/nice evaluation not only to faces varying in trustworthiness (Experiment 1) but also to faces varying in dominance and competence (Experiment 2). This research suggests that the predisposition to judge others using scant facial information appears in adultlike forms early in childhood and does not require prolonged social experience.
成年人很容易且高度一致地将性格特征归因于面部。在两项研究面部到特征推理发展的实验中，成年人以及3至10岁的儿童将可信赖性、主导性和能力归因于成对的面部。在实验1中，3至4岁儿童的归因与成年人的归因趋于一致，5至6岁儿童的归因达到了成年人的一致水平。3岁及以上的儿童不仅一致地将基本的友善评价归因于可信赖性不同的面部（实验1），还归因于主导性和能力不同的面部（实验2）。这项研究表明，利用极少的面部信息判断他人的倾向在儿童早期就以类似成年人的形式出现，并且不需要长期的社会经验。
