Zebrowitz Leslie A, Montepare Joann M
Brandeis University.
Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008 May 1;2(3):1497. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00109.x.
We form first impressions from faces despite warnings not to do so. Moreover, there is considerable agreement in our impressions, which carry significant social outcomes. Appearance matters because some facial qualities are so useful in guiding adaptive behavior that even a trace of those qualities can create an impression. Specifically, the qualities revealed by facial cues that characterize low fitness, babies, emotion, and identity are overgeneralized to people whose facial appearance resembles the unfit (anomalous face overgeneralization), babies (babyface overgeneralization), a particular emotion (emotion face overgeneralization), or a particular identity (familiar face overgeneralization). We review studies that support the overgeneralization hypotheses and recommend research that incorporates additional tenets of the ecological theory from which these hypotheses are derived: the contribution of dynamic and multi-modal stimulus information to face perception; bidirectional relationships between behavior and face perception; perceptual learning mechanisms and social goals that sensitize perceivers to particular information in faces.
尽管有人警告不要仅凭面部来形成第一印象，但我们仍会这样做。此外，我们的印象存在相当大的一致性，而这些印象会带来重大的社会后果。外表很重要，因为某些面部特征在指导适应性行为方面非常有用，以至于即使是这些特征的一丝痕迹也能产生印象。具体来说，由面部线索揭示的、表征低适应性、婴儿特征、情绪和身份的特征，会被过度泛化到面部外观与不适应者（异常面部过度泛化）、婴儿（娃娃脸过度泛化）、特定情绪（情绪面部过度泛化）或特定身份（熟悉面部过度泛化）相似的人身上。我们回顾了支持这些过度泛化假设的研究，并推荐了一些研究，这些研究纳入了这些假设所源自的生态理论的其他原则：动态和多模态刺激信息对面部感知的贡献；行为与面部感知之间的双向关系；使感知者对面部特定信息敏感的感知学习机制和社会目标。
