Shiffman Saul, Dunbar Michael S, Li Xiaoxue, Scholl Sarah M, Tindle Hilary A, Anderson Stewart J, Ferguson Stuart G
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;
Nicotine Tob Res. 2014 Aug;16(8):1063-9. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu023. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
This study aimed to assess average and peak craving intensity among nondaily intermittent smokers (ITS) in smoking episodes and when not smoking compared to that of daily smokers (DS).
Two hundred and twelve ITS and 194 DS monitored their smoking and craving for 3 weeks using Ecological Momentary Assessment methods. Craving was assessed (0-100 scale) when subjects lit a cigarette and at random times when not smoking; 48,469 observations were analyzed using generalized estimating equations.
ITS experienced craving, including intense craving; their 95th percentile intensity averaged 77.7 ± 22.5 out of 100 (higher among DS: 89.1 ± 14.5). ITS reported lower craving than DS, both when smoking and when not smoking. In both groups, craving was less intense when not smoking (DS: 71.1 ± 20.7 vs. 59.83 ± 21.97; ITS: 59.91 ± 23.03 vs. 26.63 ± 19.87), but the difference was significantly greater among ITS. Among ITS, the probability of smoking rose continuously as craving increased over the full range of the scale. In contrast, among DS the probability of smoking rose until the midpoint of the scale, after which the relationship flattened. Findings were mostly similar for ITS with and without a history of past daily smoking.
ITS do experience craving, including intense craving. The relationship between craving and smoking is stronger among ITS because DS experience moderate craving even between cigarettes. In contrast, ITS appear to experience craving in limited situations associated with smoking, suggesting that their craving and smoking may be driven by transient cues rather than endogenous needs.
本研究旨在评估非每日间歇性吸烟者（ITS）在吸烟期间及不吸烟时的平均和峰值渴望强度，并与每日吸烟者（DS）进行比较。
212名ITS和194名DS使用生态瞬时评估方法监测他们的吸烟和渴望情况，为期3周。当受试者点燃香烟时以及不吸烟的随机时间评估渴望程度（0 - 100分制）；使用广义估计方程对48469次观察结果进行分析。
ITS会经历渴望，包括强烈渴望；他们的第95百分位数强度平均为77.7±22.5（满分100分，DS更高：89.1±14.5）。ITS报告的吸烟时和不吸烟时的渴望程度均低于DS。在两组中，不吸烟时的渴望程度较低（DS：71.1±20.7对59.83±21.97；ITS：59.91±23.03对26.63±19.87），但ITS组的差异明显更大。在ITS中，随着渴望程度在整个量表范围内增加，吸烟的可能性持续上升。相比之下，在DS中，吸烟的可能性在量表中点之前上升，之后关系趋于平稳。有和没有过去每日吸烟史的ITS的结果大多相似。
ITS确实会经历渴望，包括强烈渴望。渴望与吸烟之间的关系在ITS中更强，因为DS即使在香烟之间也会经历中度渴望。相比之下，ITS似乎仅在与吸烟相关的有限情况下经历渴望，这表明他们的渴望和吸烟可能是由短暂线索而非内源性需求驱动的。
