Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Ave., Suite 510, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Oct;234(19):2911-2917. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4682-x. Epub 2017 Jul 18.
One third of US smokers are intermittent smokers (ITS) who do not smoke daily. Unlike daily smokers (DS), whose smoking is negatively reinforced by withdrawal relief, ITS may be motivated by immediate positive reinforcement. In contrast, incentive salience theory posits hypothesis that "liking" of drug effects fades in established users, such as DS.
This study aims to compare ITS' and DS' hedonic responses to smoking.
Participants were 109 ITS (smoking 4-27 days/month) and 52 DS (smoking daily 5-25 cigarettes/day), aged ≥21, smoking ≥3 years, and not quitting smoking. For 3 weeks, participants engaged in ecological momentary assessment, carrying an electronic diary that asked them to rate their most recent smoking experience on 0-100 visual analog scales (satisfaction, enjoyment [averaged as "pleasure"], feeling sick, feeling a "rush," enjoying upper respiratory sensations, and immediate craving relief). Hierarchical random effect regression analyzed 4476 ratings.
ITS found smoking pleasurable (mean = 69.7 ± 1.7 [SE]) but significantly less so than DS did (77.6 ± 2.3; p < 0.006). ITS also reported more aversive response (ITS 18.2 ± 1.4, DS 11.6 ± 2.0; p < 0.007). Even though ITS are more likely to smoke at bars/restaurants, when drinking alcohol, or when others were present, they did not report more pleasure in these settings (compared to DS). More extensive smoking experience was unrelated to craving or smoking effects among DS, but predicted greater craving, greater pleasure, and less aversion among ITS.
The findings were largely inconsistent with incentive-salience models of drug use.
美国有三分之一的烟民是间歇性吸烟者（ITS），他们并非每日吸烟。与每日吸烟者（DS）不同，后者通过缓解戒断症状来获得吸烟的负强化，而 ITS 可能是由即时的正强化所驱动。相比之下，激励效价理论提出了这样的假设，即“喜欢”药物效应在已建立的使用者（如 DS）中会逐渐减弱。
本研究旨在比较 ITS 和 DS 对吸烟的愉悦反应。
参与者包括 109 名 ITS（每月吸烟 4-27 天）和 52 名 DS（每日吸烟 5-25 支），年龄≥21 岁，吸烟≥3 年，且未戒烟。在 3 周的时间里，参与者进行了生态瞬时评估，携带电子日记，要求他们对最近的吸烟体验进行 0-100 视觉模拟评分（满意度、享受度[平均为“愉悦”]、恶心感、快感、享受上呼吸道感觉和即时渴望缓解）。分层随机效应回归分析了 4476 次评分。
ITS 认为吸烟是愉快的（均值=69.7±1.7[SE]），但显著低于 DS（77.6±2.3；p<0.006）。ITS 还报告了更多的厌恶反应（ITS 18.2±1.4，DS 11.6±2.0；p<0.007）。尽管 ITS 更有可能在酒吧/餐馆、饮酒或他人在场时吸烟，但他们并没有报告在这些环境中吸烟有更多的愉悦感（与 DS 相比）。更广泛的吸烟体验与 DS 中的渴望或吸烟效应无关，但预测了 ITS 中更大的渴望、更大的愉悦和更小的厌恶。
这些发现与药物使用的激励效价模型基本不一致。
