Longley Michael, Yeo Christopher H
Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
Prog Brain Res. 2014;210:79-101. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63356-9.00004-2.
The cerebellum is essential for some forms of motor learning. Two examples that provide useful experimental models are modification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR) in the rabbit. There has been considerable analysis of these behavioral models and of conditioning of the eyelid blink reflex, which is similar in several respects to NMR conditioning but with some key differences in its control circuitry. The evidence is consistent with the suggestion that storage of these motor memories is to be found within the cerebellum and its associated brainstem circuitry. The cerebellum presents many advantages as a model system to characterize the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning behavioral learning. And yet, localizing the essential synaptic changes has proven to be difficult. A major problem has been to establish to what extent these neural changes are distributed through the cerebellar cortex, cerebellar nuclei, and associated brainstem nuclei. Inspired by recent theoretical work, here we review evidence that the distribution of plasticity across cortical and cerebellar nuclear (or brainstem vestibular system) levels for different learning tasks may be different and distinct. Our primary focus is on classical conditioning of the NMR and eyelid blink, and we offer comparisons with mechanisms for modifications of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. We describe a view of cerebellar learning that satisfies theoretical and empirical analysis.
小脑对于某些形式的运动学习至关重要。两个提供有用实验模型的例子是前庭眼反射的改变和兔子瞬膜反应（NMR）的经典条件反射。对这些行为模型以及眼睑眨眼反射的条件反射进行了大量分析，眼睑眨眼反射在几个方面与NMR条件反射相似，但其控制电路存在一些关键差异。证据与以下观点一致：这些运动记忆的存储可以在小脑及其相关的脑干电路中找到。小脑作为一个模型系统，在表征行为学习背后的细胞和分子机制方面具有许多优势。然而，确定基本的突触变化已被证明是困难的。一个主要问题是确定这些神经变化在小脑皮质、小脑核和相关脑干核中分布的程度。受近期理论工作的启发，我们在此回顾证据表明，不同学习任务在皮质和小脑核（或脑干前庭系统）水平上的可塑性分布可能是不同且独特的。我们主要关注NMR和眼睑眨眼的经典条件反射，并与前庭眼反射改变的机制进行比较。我们描述了一种满足理论和实证分析的小脑学习观点。
