1 Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London, United Kingdom .
Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2015 Feb;21(1):1-19. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2013.0757. Epub 2014 Jul 16.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease of the joint for which current treatments are unsatisfactory, thus motivating development of tissue engineering (TE)-based therapies. To date, TE strategies have had some success, developing replacement tissue constructs with biochemical properties approaching that of native cartilage. However, poor biomechanical properties and limited postimplantation integration with surrounding tissue are major shortcomings that need to be addressed. Functional tissue engineering strategies that apply physiologically relevant biophysical cues provide a platform to improve TE constructs before implantation. In the previous decade, new experimental and theoretical findings in cartilage biomechanics and electromechanics have emerged, resulting in an increased understanding of the complex interplay of multiple biophysical cues in the extracellular matrix of the tissue. The effect of biophysical stimulation on cartilage, and the resulting chondrocyte-mediated biosynthesis, remodeling, degradation, and repair, has, therefore, been extensively explored by the TE community. This article compares and contrasts the cellular response of chondrocytes to multiple biophysical stimuli, and may be read in conjunction with its companion paper that compares and contrasts the subsequent intracellular signal transduction cascades. Mechanical, magnetic, and electrical stimuli promote proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of chondrocytes within established dose parameters or "biological windows." This knowledge will provide a framework for ongoing studies incorporating multiple biophysical cues in TE functional neocartilage for treatment of OA.
骨关节炎（OA）是一种复杂的关节疾病，目前的治疗方法并不令人满意，因此促使了基于组织工程（TE）的治疗方法的发展。迄今为止，TE 策略已经取得了一些成功，开发出了具有接近天然软骨生化特性的替代组织构建体。然而，较差的生物力学性能和与周围组织有限的植入后整合是需要解决的主要缺点。应用生理相关生物物理线索的功能性组织工程策略为植入前改善 TE 构建体提供了一个平台。在过去的十年中，软骨生物力学和机电学的新的实验和理论发现已经出现，这导致了对组织外基质中多种生物物理线索的复杂相互作用的理解的增加。因此，TE 领域已经广泛探索了生物物理刺激对软骨的影响，以及由此产生的软骨细胞介导的生物合成、重塑、降解和修复。本文比较和对比了软骨细胞对多种生物物理刺激的细胞反应，可以与比较和对比随后的细胞内信号转导级联的相关论文一起阅读。机械、磁和电刺激在既定剂量参数或“生物窗口”内促进软骨细胞的增殖、分化和成熟。这些知识将为正在进行的研究提供一个框架，即将多种生物物理线索纳入 TE 功能性新软骨中，以治疗 OA。
