Smulders Stijn, Luyts Katrien, Brabants Gert, Landuyt Kirsten Van, Kirschhock Christine, Smolders Erik, Golanski Luana, Vanoirbeek Jeroen, Hoet Peter H M
Center for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Toxicol Sci. 2014 Sep;141(1):132-40. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu112. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
The unique physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials have led to their increased use in many industrial applications, including as a paint additive. For example, titanium dioxide (TiO2) engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have well-established anti-UV, self-cleaning, and air purification effects. Silver (Ag) ENPs are renowned for their anti-microbial capabilities and silicon dioxide (SiO2) ENPs are used as fire retardants and anti-scratch coatings. In this study, the toxic effects and biodistribution of three pristine ENPs (TiO2, Ag, and SiO2), three aged paints containing ENPs (TiO2, Ag, and SiO2) along with control paints without ENPs were compared. BALB/c mice were oropharyngeally aspirated with ENPs or paint particles (20 μg/aspiration) once a week for 5 weeks and sacrificed either 2 or 28 days post final aspiration treatment. A bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and systemic blood toxicity was evaluated to ascertain cell counts, induction of inflammatory cytokines, and key blood parameters. In addition, the lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart were harvested and metal concentrations were determined. Exposure to pristine ENPs caused subtle effects in the lungs and negligible alterations in the blood. The most pronounced toxic effects were observed after Ag ENPs exposure; an increased neutrophil count and a twofold increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)) were identified. The paint containing TiO2 ENPs did not modify macrophage and neutrophil counts, but mildly induced KC and IL-1ß. The paints containing Ag or SiO2 did not show significant toxicity. Biodistribution experiments showed distribution of Ag and Si outside the lung after aspiration to respectively pristine Ag or SiO2 ENPs. In conclusion, we demonstrated that even though direct exposure to ENPs induced some toxic effects, once they were embedded in a complex paint matrix little to no adverse toxicological effects were identified.
纳米材料独特的物理和化学性质使其在许多工业应用中的使用日益增加，包括作为涂料添加剂。例如，工程化纳米颗粒（ENP）二氧化钛（TiO₂）具有公认的抗紫外线、自清洁和空气净化作用。银（Ag）纳米颗粒以其抗菌能力而闻名，二氧化硅（SiO₂）纳米颗粒用作阻燃剂和抗刮涂层。在本研究中，比较了三种原始纳米颗粒（TiO₂、Ag和SiO₂）、三种含纳米颗粒的老化涂料（TiO₂、Ag和SiO₂）以及不含纳米颗粒的对照涂料的毒性作用和生物分布。BALB/c小鼠每周经口咽吸入纳米颗粒或涂料颗粒（每次吸入20μg），持续5周，并在最后一次吸入处理后2天或28天处死。进行支气管肺泡灌洗并评估全身血液毒性，以确定细胞计数、炎性细胞因子的诱导情况和关键血液参数。此外，采集肺、肝、肾、脾和心脏并测定金属浓度。暴露于原始纳米颗粒会对肺部产生细微影响，对血液的改变可忽略不计。在暴露于银纳米颗粒后观察到最明显的毒性作用；发现中性粒细胞计数增加，促炎细胞因子分泌（角质形成细胞趋化因子（KC）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β））增加两倍。含TiO₂纳米颗粒的涂料未改变巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞计数，但轻度诱导了KC和IL-1β。含Ag或SiO₂的涂料未显示出明显毒性。生物分布实验表明，吸入原始Ag或SiO₂纳米颗粒后，Ag和Si在肺部以外有分布。总之，我们证明，即使直接暴露于纳米颗粒会诱导一些毒性作用，但一旦它们嵌入复杂的涂料基质中，几乎不会发现不良毒理学效应。
