Brewster Paul W H, Melrose Rebecca J, Marquine María J, Johnson Julene K, Napoles Anna, MacKay-Brandt Anna, Farias Sarah, Reed Bruce, Mungas Dan
Department of Psychology.
Brain, Behavior, and Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.
Neuropsychology. 2014 Nov;28(6):846-58. doi: 10.1037/neu0000098. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
We examined the influence of a broad spectrum of life experiences on longitudinal cognitive trajectories in a demographically diverse sample of older adults.
Participants were 333 educationally, ethnically, and cognitively diverse older adults enrolled in a longitudinal aging study. Mixed-effects regression was used to measure baseline status in episodic memory, executive functioning, and semantic memory and change in a global cognition factor defined by change in these 3 domain-specific measures. We examined effects of life experience variables (literacy, childhood socioeconomic status, morphometric measures of physical development, life course physical and recreational activity) on longitudinal cognitive trajectories, covarying for age, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and demographics (education, ethnicity, language).
Non-Latino Whites had higher baseline cognition, but life experience variables attenuated ethnic differences in cognitive scores. Age, literacy, childhood socioeconomic status, and physical activity significantly influenced baseline cognition. Age, APOE ε4, and decline in intellectually and socially stimulating recreational activity from mid to late life were independently associated with increased late life cognitive decline. Higher literacy and late life recreational activity were associated with less decline. Literacy had similar effects for English and Spanish readers/speakers. Bilingual English and Spanish speakers did not differ from English Speakers in cognitive performance.
Life experience variables, especially literacy level, were strongly related to baseline cognition and substantially attenuated effects of race/ethnicity and education. Cognitive change was best explained by age, APOE ε4, literacy, and current recreational activities. Literacy had robust associations with baseline cognition and cognitive change in both English and Spanish speakers.
我们在一个人口统计学特征多样的老年人群样本中，研究了广泛的生活经历对纵向认知轨迹的影响。
参与者为333名在教育程度、种族和认知方面存在差异的老年人，他们参与了一项纵向衰老研究。采用混合效应回归来测量情景记忆、执行功能和语义记忆的基线状态，以及由这三种特定领域测量指标的变化所定义的整体认知因素的变化。我们研究了生活经历变量（识字率、童年社会经济地位、身体发育的形态测量指标、生命历程中的身体和娱乐活动）对纵向认知轨迹的影响，并对年龄、载脂蛋白E（APOE）基因型和人口统计学特征（教育程度、种族、语言）进行了协变量分析。
非拉丁裔白人的基线认知水平较高，但生活经历变量减弱了认知分数上的种族差异。年龄、识字率、童年社会经济地位和身体活动显著影响基线认知。年龄、APOE ε4以及从中年到老年智力和社交刺激型娱乐活动的减少与老年认知能力下降的增加独立相关。较高的识字率和老年娱乐活动与较少的认知能力下降相关。识字率对英语和西班牙语读者/使用者有类似的影响。英语和西班牙语双语使用者在认知表现上与英语使用者没有差异。
生活经历变量，尤其是识字水平，与基线认知密切相关，并显著减弱了种族/民族和教育的影响。认知变化最好由年龄、APOE ε4、识字率和当前的娱乐活动来解释。识字率与英语和西班牙语使用者的基线认知及认知变化都有很强的关联。
