Brook Judith S, Zhang Chenshu, Burke Lindsay, Brook David W
Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2014 Dec;16(12):1559-66. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu107. Epub 2014 Jul 5.
This longitudinal study examined the association between trajectories of cigarette smoking and unemployment across a 29-year time period from mean age 14 to mean age 43.
Participants came from a community-based random sample of residents in 2 upstate New York counties. Data were collected at 7 timepoints.
Using growth mixture modeling, 5 trajectory groups of cigarette smokers were identified. The trajectory groups were as follows: heavy/continuous smokers, occasional smokers, late-starting smokers, quitters/decreasers, and nonsmokers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the participant's trajectory group membership and unemployment in the fifth decade of life. The association was determined with controls for age, gender, current cigarette use, current alcohol use, current marijuana use, physical diseases, occupation, educational level, past unemployment experience, socioeconomic status measures of family of origin, depressive mood, and self-control from adolescence through the early 40s. The findings indicate that patterns of adolescent and young adult cigarette smoking have implications for later unemployment. Overall, the results showed that people who fell into the categories of heavy/continuous smokers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.84) and occasional smokers (AOR = 4.03) were more likely to be unemployed at mean age 43 when compared with nonsmokers. There was no significant difference between the quitters/decreasers and the nonsmokers with respect to unemployment.
Intervention programs designed to deal with unemployment should consider focusing on heavy/continuous and occasional cigarette smokers as risk factors for unemployment.
本纵向研究考察了从平均年龄14岁到平均年龄43岁的29年时间段内吸烟轨迹与失业之间的关联。
参与者来自纽约州北部两个县基于社区的居民随机样本。在7个时间点收集数据。
使用生长混合模型，确定了5个吸烟轨迹组。轨迹组如下：重度/持续吸烟者、偶尔吸烟者、晚吸烟者、戒烟者/减少吸烟者和不吸烟者。使用多变量逻辑回归分析来研究参与者的轨迹组成员身份与生命第五个十年的失业之间的关系。通过控制年龄、性别、当前吸烟情况、当前饮酒情况、当前大麻使用情况、身体疾病、职业、教育水平、过去的失业经历、原生家庭的社会经济地位指标、抑郁情绪以及从青少年期到40岁出头的自我控制能力来确定这种关联。研究结果表明，青少年和青年时期的吸烟模式对后期失业有影响。总体而言，结果显示，与不吸烟者相比，重度/持续吸烟者（调整后的优势比[AOR]=3.84）和偶尔吸烟者（AOR=4.03）在平均年龄43岁时更有可能失业。在失业方面，戒烟者/减少吸烟者与不吸烟者之间没有显著差异。
旨在应对失业的干预项目应考虑将重度/持续吸烟者和偶尔吸烟者作为失业的风险因素加以关注。
