Cromeans Theresa, Park Geun Woo, Costantini Veronica, Lee David, Wang Qiuhong, Farkas Tibor, Lee Alvin, Vinjé Jan
Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Sep;80(18):5743-51. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01532-14. Epub 2014 Jul 11.
Human norovirus is the leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis. Since no cell culture method for human norovirus exists, cultivable surrogate viruses (CSV), including feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC), and Tulane virus (TuV), have been used to study responses to inactivation and disinfection methods. We compared the levels of reduction in infectivities of CSV and Aichi virus (AiV) after exposure to extreme pHs, 56°C heating, alcohols, chlorine on surfaces, and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), using the same matrix and identical test parameters for all viruses, as well as the reduction of human norovirus RNA levels under these conditions. At pH 2, FCV was inactivated by 6 log10 units, whereas MNV, TuV, and AiV were resistant. All CSV were completely inactivated at 56°C within 20 min. MNV was inactivated 5 log10 units by alcohols, in contrast to 2 and 3 log10 units for FCV and PEC, respectively. TuV and AiV were relatively insensitive to alcohols. FCV was reduced 5 log10 units by 1,000 ppm chlorine, in contrast to 1 log10 unit for the other CSV. All CSV except FCV, when dried on stainless steel surfaces, were insensitive to 200 ppm chlorine. HHP completely inactivated FCV, MNV, and PEC at ≥300 MPa, and TuV at 600 MPa, while AiV was completely resistant to HHP up to 800 MPa. By reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), genogroup I (GI) noroviruses were more sensitive than GII noroviruses to alcohols, chlorine, and HHP. Although inactivation profiles were variable for each treatment, TuV and MNV were the most resistant CSV overall and therefore are the best candidates for studying the public health outcomes of norovirus infections.
人诺如病毒是流行性和散发性急性胃肠炎的主要病因。由于不存在人诺如病毒的细胞培养方法，可培养替代病毒（CSV），包括猫杯状病毒（FCV）、小鼠诺如病毒（MNV）、猪肠道杯状病毒（PEC）和图兰病毒（TuV），已被用于研究对灭活和消毒方法的反应。我们使用相同的基质和相同的测试参数，比较了CSV和爱知病毒（AiV）在暴露于极端pH值、56°C加热、酒精、表面氯和高静水压（HHP）后感染性的降低水平，以及在这些条件下人诺如病毒RNA水平的降低情况。在pH 2时，FCV被灭活6个对数10单位，而MNV、TuV和AiV具有抗性。所有CSV在56°C下20分钟内完全灭活。MNV被酒精灭活5个对数10单位，相比之下，FCV和PEC分别为2个和3个对数10单位。TuV和AiV对酒精相对不敏感。FCV被1000 ppm氯降低5个对数10单位，相比之下，其他CSV为1个对数10单位。除FCV外，所有CSV在不锈钢表面干燥后，对200 ppm氯不敏感。HHP在≥300 MPa时完全灭活FCV、MNV和PEC，在600 MPa时灭活TuV，而AiV在高达800 MPa时对HHP完全抗性。通过逆转录定量PCR（RT-qPCR），基因组I（GI）诺如病毒比基因组II（GII）诺如病毒对酒精、氯和HHP更敏感。尽管每种处理的灭活情况各不相同，但TuV和MNV总体上是最具抗性的CSV，因此是研究诺如病毒感染公共卫生结果的最佳候选者。
