Crawford L Elizabeth, Cohn Stephanie M, Kim Arnold B
Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2014 Sep 26;9(9):e108269. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108269. eCollection 2014.
Four experiments examined whether memory for positive and negative words depended on word location and vertical hand movements. Cognitive processing is known to be facilitated when valenced stimuli are presented in locations that are congruent with the GOOD is UP conceptual metaphor, relative to when they are presented in incongruent locations. In both free recall and recognition tasks, we find a memory advantage for words that had been studied in metaphor incongruent locations (positive down, negative up). This incongruity advantage depends on the location of words during encoding, but no evidence was found to suggest that other spatial associations, such as the vertical position of the hand at encoding or word location during retrieval, affect memory. The results indicate that metaphors, like schemas, categories, and stereotypes, can influence cognition in complex ways, producing variable outcomes across different tasks.
四项实验研究了对积极和消极词汇的记忆是否取决于词汇位置和垂直手部动作。已知当价态刺激呈现于与“好在上”概念隐喻一致的位置时，相较于呈现于不一致位置时，认知加工会得到促进。在自由回忆和识别任务中，我们发现对于在隐喻不一致位置（积极词在下，消极词在上）学习的词汇存在记忆优势。这种不一致优势取决于编码时词汇的位置，但未发现有证据表明其他空间关联，如编码时手部的垂直位置或检索时的词汇位置，会影响记忆。结果表明，隐喻与图式、类别和刻板印象一样，能够以复杂的方式影响认知，在不同任务中产生不同的结果。
