Makkouk Khaled M, Kumari Safaa G, van Leur Joop A G, Jones Roger A C
National Council for Scientific Research, Beirut, Lebanon.
International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Tunis, Tunisia.
Adv Virus Res. 2014;90:207-53. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801246-8.00004-4.
Cool-season grain legume crops become infected with a wide range of viruses, many of which cause serious diseases and major yield losses. This review starts by discussing which viruses are important in the principal cool-season grain legume crops in different parts of the world, the losses they cause and their economic impacts in relation to control. It then describes the main types of control measures available: host resistance, phytosanitary measures, cultural measures, chemical control, and biological control. Examples are provided of successful deployment of the different types of measures to control virus epidemics in cool-season grain legume crops. Next it emphasizes the need for integrated approaches to control because single control measures used alone rarely suffice to adequately reduce virus-induced yield losses in these crops. Development of effective integrated disease management (IDM) strategies depends on an interdisciplinary team approach to (i) understand the ecological and climatic factors which lead to damaging virus epidemics and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of individual control measures. In addition to using virus-resistant cultivars, other IDM components include sowing virus-tested seed stocks, selecting cultivars with low seed transmission rates, using diverse phytosanitary or cultural practices that minimize the virus source or reduce its spread, and using selective pesticides in an environmentally responsible way. The review finishes by briefly discussing the implications of climate change in increasing problems associated with control and the opportunities to control virus diseases more effectively through new technologies.
冷季豆类作物会感染多种病毒，其中许多病毒会引发严重病害并导致大幅减产。本综述首先讨论在世界不同地区主要冷季豆类作物中哪些病毒较为重要，它们造成的损失以及在防治方面的经济影响。接着描述了可用的主要防治措施类型：寄主抗性、植物检疫措施、栽培措施、化学防治和生物防治。文中给出了成功运用不同类型措施控制冷季豆类作物病毒流行的实例。随后强调了采取综合防治方法的必要性，因为单独使用单一防治措施很少能充分减少这些作物因病毒导致的产量损失。制定有效的综合病害管理（IDM）策略依赖于跨学科团队方法，以（i）了解导致破坏性病毒流行的生态和气候因素，以及（ii）评估各个防治措施的有效性。除了使用抗病毒品种外，其他IDM组成部分还包括播种经过病毒检测的种子库存、选择种子传播率低的品种、采用多样化的植物检疫或栽培措施以尽量减少病毒源或降低其传播，以及以对环境负责的方式使用选择性农药。综述最后简要讨论了气候变化在增加防治相关问题方面的影响，以及通过新技术更有效控制病毒病害的机会。
