Krzewińska Maja, Bjørnstad Gro, Skoglund Pontus, Olason Pall Isolfur, Bill Jan, Götherström Anders, Hagelberg Erika
Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, 0130 Oslo, Norway
Department of Forensic Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Jan 19;370(1660):20130384. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0384.
The medieval Norsemen or Vikings had an important biological and cultural impact on many parts of Europe through raids, colonization and trade, from about AD 793 to 1066. To help understand the genetic affinities of the ancient Norsemen, and their genetic contribution to the gene pool of other Europeans, we analysed DNA markers in Late Iron Age skeletal remains from Norway. DNA was extracted from 80 individuals, and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms were detected by next-generation sequencing. The sequences of 45 ancient Norwegians were verified as genuine through the identification of damage patterns characteristic of ancient DNA. The ancient Norwegians were genetically similar to previously analysed ancient Icelanders, and to present-day Shetland and Orkney Islanders, Norwegians, Swedes, Scots, English, German and French. The Viking Age population had higher frequencies of K*, U*, V* and I* haplogroups than their modern counterparts, but a lower proportion of T* and H* haplogroups. Three individuals carried haplotypes that are rare in Norway today (U5b1b1, Hg A* and an uncommon variant of H*). Our combined analyses indicate that Norse women were important agents in the overseas expansion and settlement of the Vikings, and that women from the Orkneys and Western Isles contributed to the colonization of Iceland.
从公元793年到1066年，中世纪的北欧人或维京人通过袭击、殖民和贸易，对欧洲许多地区产生了重要的生物和文化影响。为了帮助了解古代挪威人的基因亲缘关系，以及他们对其他欧洲人基因库的基因贡献，我们分析了挪威铁器时代晚期骨骼遗骸中的DNA标记。从80个人身上提取了DNA，并通过下一代测序检测线粒体DNA多态性。通过识别古代DNA特有的损伤模式，验证了45名古代挪威人的序列是真实的。古代挪威人与之前分析过的古代冰岛人、以及现今的设得兰群岛和奥克尼群岛居民、挪威人、瑞典人、苏格兰人、英格兰人、德国人及法国人在基因上相似。维京时代的人群中，K*、U*、V和I单倍群的频率高于现代人群，但T和H单倍群的比例较低。有三个人携带的单倍型如今在挪威很罕见（U5b1b1、Hg A和一种不常见的H变体）。我们的综合分析表明，挪威女性是维京人海外扩张和定居的重要力量，奥克尼群岛和西部群岛的女性对冰岛的殖民做出了贡献。
