Frostegård Johan
IMM, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Immunology and chronic disease, 171 75 Stockholm, Sweden.
Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015 Feb;11(2):247-53. doi: 10.1586/1744666X.2015.993970. Epub 2014 Dec 17.
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which represents the major cause of death. During recent years, it has become clear that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition where immunity could play an important role. Usually, it is when atherosclerotic plaques rupture that CVD follows, but some cases of CVD can occur without apparent atherosclerosis. In systemic lupus erythematosus, the risk of CVD is very high and the prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques, including vulnerable ones, is increased. A combination of traditional and non-traditional risk factors is implicated for the prediction of CVD in systemic lupus erythematosus. Traditional risk factors include hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and diabetes, though the exact importance of each of these in systemic lupus erythematosus is not clear. Anti-phospholipid antibodies, systemic inflammation and low levels of natural antibodies such as those against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) are examples of non-traditional risk factors. Control of disease activity and disease manifestations and of established risk factors is important.
动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病（CVD）的主要病因，而心血管疾病是主要的死亡原因。近年来，越来越清楚的是，动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症状态，免疫在其中可能起重要作用。通常，心血管疾病是在动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂时发生的，但有些心血管疾病病例可能在没有明显动脉粥样硬化的情况下出现。在系统性红斑狼疮中，心血管疾病的风险非常高，包括易损斑块在内的动脉粥样硬化斑块的患病率增加。传统和非传统风险因素的组合与系统性红斑狼疮中心血管疾病的预测有关。传统风险因素包括高血压、血脂异常、吸烟和糖尿病，尽管这些因素在系统性红斑狼疮中的确切重要性尚不清楚。抗磷脂抗体、全身炎症以及抗磷酸胆碱等天然抗体水平较低（抗PC）是非传统风险因素的例子。控制疾病活动、疾病表现和已确定的风险因素很重要。
