Mathias Brian, Pfordresher Peter Q, Palmer Caroline
Department of Psychology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Buffalo, NY, USA.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Jan 13;8:1040. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01040. eCollection 2014.
Neural responses demonstrate evidence of resonance, or oscillation, during the production of periodic auditory events. Music contains periodic auditory events that give rise to a sense of beat, which in turn generates a sense of meter on the basis of multiple periodicities. Metrical hierarchies may aid memory for music by facilitating similarity-based associations among sequence events at different periodic distances that unfold in longer contexts. A fundamental question is how metrical associations arising from a musical context influence memory during music performance. Longer contexts may facilitate metrical associations at higher hierarchical levels more than shorter contexts, a prediction of the range model, a formal model of planning processes in music performance (Palmer and Pfordresher, 2003; Pfordresher et al., 2007). Serial ordering errors, in which intended sequence events are produced in incorrect sequence positions, were measured as skilled pianists performed musical pieces that contained excerpts embedded in long or short musical contexts. Pitch errors arose from metrically similar positions and further sequential distances more often when the excerpt was embedded in long contexts compared to short contexts. Musicians' keystroke intensities and error rates also revealed influences of metrical hierarchies, which differed for performances in long and short contexts. The range model accounted for contextual effects and provided better fits to empirical findings when metrical associations between sequence events were included. Longer sequence contexts may facilitate planning during sequence production by increasing conceptual similarity between hierarchically associated events. These findings are consistent with the notion that neural oscillations at multiple periodicities may strengthen metrical associations across sequence events during planning.
神经反应表明，在周期性听觉事件产生过程中存在共振或振荡的证据。音乐包含周期性听觉事件，这些事件会产生节拍感，进而基于多种周期性产生韵律感。韵律层次结构可能通过促进在较长语境中展开的不同周期性距离的序列事件之间基于相似性的关联来帮助记忆音乐。一个基本问题是，音乐语境中产生的韵律关联在音乐表演过程中如何影响记忆。较长的语境可能比较短的语境更有助于在更高层次上形成韵律关联，这是范围模型的一个预测，该模型是音乐表演中规划过程的形式模型（帕尔默和普福德雷舍，2003年；普福德雷舍等人，2007年）。当熟练的钢琴家演奏包含嵌入长或短音乐语境中的片段的音乐作品时，测量了序列排序错误，即预期的序列事件在错误的序列位置产生。与短语境相比，当片段嵌入长语境时，音高错误更频繁地出现在韵律相似的位置和更远的连续距离处。音乐家的按键强度和错误率也揭示了韵律层次结构的影响，长语境和短语境中的表演情况有所不同。当包括序列事件之间的韵律关联时，范围模型解释了语境效应并能更好地拟合实证结果。较长的序列语境可能通过增加层次关联事件之间的概念相似性来促进序列产生过程中的规划。这些发现与这样一种观点一致，即在规划过程中，多种周期性的神经振荡可能会加强序列事件之间的韵律关联。
