§Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.
‡Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Mar 17;49(6):3974-80. doi: 10.1021/es505621s. Epub 2015 Feb 24.
We characterize the effect of regional temperature differences on battery electric vehicle (BEV) efficiency, range, and use-phase power plant CO2 emissions in the U.S. The efficiency of a BEV varies with ambient temperature due to battery efficiency and cabin climate control. We find that annual energy consumption of BEVs can increase by an average of 15% in the Upper Midwest or in the Southwest compared to the Pacific Coast due to temperature differences. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from BEVs vary primarily with marginal regional grid mix, which has three times the GHG intensity in the Upper Midwest as on the Pacific Coast. However, even within a grid region, BEV emissions vary by up to 22% due to spatial and temporal ambient temperature variation and its implications for vehicle efficiency and charging duration and timing. Cold climate regions also encounter days with substantial reduction in EV range: the average range of a Nissan Leaf on the coldest day of the year drops from 70 miles on the Pacific Coast to less than 45 miles in the Upper Midwest. These regional differences are large enough to affect adoption patterns and energy and environmental implications of BEVs relative to alternatives.
我们描述了区域温差对美国电动汽车 (BEV) 效率、续航里程和使用阶段发电厂二氧化碳排放的影响。由于电池效率和座舱空调控制，BEV 的效率会随环境温度而变化。我们发现，与太平洋海岸相比，中西部地区或西南部地区的 BEV 年能耗平均增加 15%，这是由于温差造成的。BEV 的温室气体 (GHG) 排放主要取决于边际区域电网组合，中西部地区的 GHG 强度是太平洋海岸的三倍。然而，即使在一个电网区域内，由于空间和时间的环境温度变化及其对车辆效率以及充电持续时间和时间的影响，BEV 的排放也会变化 22%。寒冷气候地区也会遇到电动汽车续航里程大幅下降的情况：在一年中最冷的一天，日产聆风的平均续航里程从太平洋海岸的 70 英里下降到中西部地区的不足 45 英里。这些地区差异足以影响 BEV 的采用模式以及相对于替代方案的能源和环境影响。
