Langford-Smith Alex, Day Anthony J, Bishop Paul N, Clark Simon J
Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.
Centre for Hearing and Vision Research, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK ; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester , UK ; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester , UK ; Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester , UK.
Front Immunol. 2015 Feb 2;6:25. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00025. eCollection 2015.
Sugar molecules play a vital role on both microbial and mammalian cells, where they are involved in cellular communication, govern microbial virulence, and modulate host immunity and inflammatory responses. The complement cascade, as part of a host's innate immune system, is a potent weapon against invading bacteria but has to be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate attack and damage to host tissues. A number of complement regulators, such as factor H and properdin, interact with sugar molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and sialic acid, on host and pathogen membranes and direct the appropriate complement response by either promoting the binding of complement activators or inhibitors. The binding of these complement regulators to sugar molecules can vary from location to location, due to their different specificities and because distinct structural and functional subpopulations of sugars are found in different human organs, such as the brain, kidney, and eye. This review will cover recent studies that have provided important new insights into the role of GAGs and sialic acid in complement regulation and how sugar recognition may be compromised in disease.
糖分子在微生物和哺乳动物细胞中都起着至关重要的作用，它们参与细胞通讯、控制微生物毒力，并调节宿主免疫和炎症反应。补体级联反应作为宿主固有免疫系统的一部分，是对抗入侵细菌的有力武器，但必须严格调控以防止对宿主组织进行不适当的攻击和损伤。许多补体调节因子，如H因子和备解素，与宿主和病原体膜上的糖分子，如糖胺聚糖（GAGs）和唾液酸相互作用，并通过促进补体激活剂或抑制剂的结合来指导适当的补体反应。由于这些补体调节因子的特异性不同，且在不同的人体器官（如脑、肾和眼）中发现了不同结构和功能的糖亚群，它们与糖分子的结合在不同位置会有所不同。本综述将涵盖最近的研究，这些研究为GAGs和唾液酸在补体调节中的作用以及糖识别在疾病中可能如何受损提供了重要的新见解。
