Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA.
Front Pediatr. 2015 Mar 5;3:17. doi: 10.3389/fped.2015.00017. eCollection 2015.
The field of genomics has expanded into subspecialties such as metagenomics over the course of the last decade and a half. The development of massively parallel sequencing capabilities has allowed for increasingly detailed study of the genome of the human microbiome, the microbial super organ that resides symbiotically within the mucosal tissues and integumentary system of the human host. The gut microbiome, and particularly the study of its origins in neonates, has become subtopics of great interest within the field of genomics. This brief review seeks to summarize recent literature regarding the origins and establishment of the neonatal gut microbiome, beginning in utero, and how it is affected by neonatal nutritional status (breastfed versus formula fed) and gestational age (term versus preterm). We also explore the role of dysbiosis, a perturbation within the fragile ecosystem of the microbiome, and its role in the origin of select pathologic states, specifically, obesity and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. We discuss the evidence supporting enteral pre- and pro-biotic supplementation of commensal organisms such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the neonatal period, and their role in the prevention and amelioration of NEC in premature infants. Finally, we review directions to consider for further research to promote human health within this field.
在过去的十五年中，基因组学领域已经扩展到了宏基因组学等分支学科。大规模平行测序技术的发展使得人们能够更详细地研究人类微生物组的基因组，微生物组是一种共生存在于人体黏膜组织和体被系统中的微生物超级器官。肠道微生物组，特别是对其在新生儿中的起源的研究，已成为基因组学领域的热门话题。本文简要综述了有关新生儿肠道微生物组起源和建立的最新文献，从子宫内开始，并探讨了其如何受到新生儿营养状况（母乳喂养与配方奶喂养）和胎龄（足月与早产）的影响。我们还探讨了微生态系统失衡（微生物组内的干扰）的作用及其在某些病理状态（尤其是早产儿肥胖和坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC））起源中的作用。我们讨论了支持在新生儿期用双歧杆菌和乳杆菌等共生生物进行肠内预和益生菌补充的证据，以及它们在预防和改善早产儿 NEC 中的作用。最后，我们回顾了在该领域内促进人类健康的进一步研究方向。
