Duscher Georg G, Leschnik Michael, Fuehrer Hans-Peter, Joachim Anja
Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
Small Animal Clinic, Department for Companion Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2014 Dec 12;4(1):88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.12.001. eCollection 2015 Apr.
Austria's mammalian wildlife comprises a large variety of species, acting and interacting in different ways as reservoir and intermediate and definitive hosts for different pathogens that can be transmitted to pets and/or humans. Foxes and other wild canids are responsible for maintaining zoonotic agents, e.g. Echinococcus multilocularis, as well as pet-relevant pathogens, e.g. Hepatozoon canis. Together with the canids, and less commonly felids, rodents play a major role as intermediate and paratenic hosts. They carry viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), bacteria including Borrelia spp., protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii, and helminths such as Toxocara canis. The role of wild ungulates, especially ruminants, as reservoirs for zoonotic disease on the other hand seems to be negligible, although the deer filaroid Onchocerca jakutensis has been described to infect humans. Deer may also harbour certain Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains with so far unclear potential to infect humans. The major role of deer as reservoirs is for ticks, mainly adults, thus maintaining the life cycle of these vectors and their distribution. Wild boar seem to be an exception among the ungulates as, in their interaction with the fox, they can introduce food-borne zoonotic agents such as Trichinella britovi and Alaria alata into the human food chain.
奥地利的哺乳动物野生动物种类繁多，它们以不同方式充当不同病原体的储存宿主、中间宿主和终末宿主，这些病原体可传播给宠物和/或人类。狐狸和其他野生犬科动物是维持人畜共患病原体（如多房棘球绦虫）以及与宠物相关的病原体（如犬肝簇虫）的宿主。与犬科动物一起，啮齿动物作为中间宿主和转续宿主发挥着主要作用，猫科动物的作用相对较小。它们携带诸如蜱传脑炎病毒（TBEV）等病毒、包括疏螺旋体属在内的细菌、诸如刚地弓形虫等原生动物以及诸如犬弓首蛔虫等蠕虫。另一方面，野生有蹄类动物，尤其是反刍动物，作为人畜共患病储存宿主的作用似乎可以忽略不计，尽管已描述雅库特盘尾丝虫可感染人类。鹿也可能携带某些嗜吞噬细胞无形体菌株，目前其感染人类的可能性尚不清楚。鹿作为储存宿主的主要作用是针对蜱虫，主要是成年蜱虫，从而维持这些媒介的生命周期及其分布。野猪似乎是有蹄类动物中的一个例外，因为在与狐狸的相互作用中，它们可将食源性人畜共患病原体（如布氏旋毛虫和翼形无子宫绦虫）引入人类食物链。
