Tellez Guillermo, Latorre Juan D, Kuttappan Vivek A, Hargis Billy M, Hernandez-Velasco Xochitl
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America.
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México.
PLoS One. 2015 Apr 7;10(4):e0122390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122390. eCollection 2015.
Previously, we have reported that rye significantly increased both viscosity and Clostridium perfringens proliferation when compared with corn in an in vitro digestive model. Two independent trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of rye as a source of energy on bacterial translocation, intestinal viscosity, gut microbiota composition, and bone mineralization, when compared with corn in turkey poults. In each experiment, day-of-hatch, turkey poults were randomly assigned to either a corn or a rye diet (n = 0 /group). At 10 d of age, in both experiments, 12 birds/group were given an oral gavage dose of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d). After 2.5 h of oral gavage, blood and liver samples were collected to evaluate the passage of FITC-d and bacterial translocation (BT) respectively. Duodenum, ileum and cecum gut sections were collected to evaluate intestinal viscosity and to enumerate gut microbiota. Tibias were collected for observation of bone parameters. Broilers fed with a rye diet showed increased (p<0.05) intestinal viscosity, BT, and serum FITC-d. Bacterial enumeration revealed that turkey poults fed with rye had increased the number of total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in all three sections of the gastrointestinal tract evaluated when compared to turkey poults fed with corn. Turkey poults fed with rye also had significantly higher coliforms in duodenum and ileum but not in the ceca, whereas the total number of anaerobes increased only in duodenum. A significant reduction in bone strength and bone mineralization was observed in turkey poults fed with rye when compared with corn fed turkey poults. In conclusion, rye evoked mucosal damage in turkey poults that increased intestinal viscosity, increased leakage through the intestinal tract, and altered the microbiota composition and bone mineralization. Studies to evaluate dietary inclusion of selected Direct-Fed Microbial (DFM) candidates that produce exogenous enzymes in rye fed turkey poults are currently being evaluated.
此前，我们曾报道，在体外消化模型中，与玉米相比，黑麦可显著提高黏度并促进产气荚膜梭菌增殖。进行了两项独立试验，以评估与玉米相比，黑麦作为能量来源对火鸡雏鸡细菌移位、肠道黏度、肠道微生物群组成和骨矿化的影响。在每个实验中，孵化当天的火鸡雏鸡被随机分配到玉米或黑麦日粮组（每组n = 0）。在10日龄时，在两个实验中，每组给12只鸟口服异硫氰酸荧光素葡聚糖（FITC-d）。口服灌胃2.5小时后，分别采集血液和肝脏样本以评估FITC-d的通过情况和细菌移位（BT）。采集十二指肠、回肠和盲肠肠道切片以评估肠道黏度并对肠道微生物群进行计数。采集胫骨以观察骨骼参数。饲喂黑麦日粮的肉鸡肠道黏度、BT和血清FITC-d均增加（p<0.05）。细菌计数显示，与饲喂玉米的火鸡雏鸡相比，饲喂黑麦的火鸡雏鸡在评估的胃肠道所有三个部分中总乳酸菌（LAB）数量增加。饲喂黑麦的火鸡雏鸡十二指肠和回肠中的大肠菌群也显著更高，但盲肠中没有，而厌氧菌总数仅在十二指肠中增加。与饲喂玉米的火鸡雏鸡相比，饲喂黑麦的火鸡雏鸡骨强度和骨矿化显著降低。总之，黑麦引起火鸡雏鸡黏膜损伤，增加肠道黏度，增加肠道渗漏，并改变微生物群组成和骨矿化。目前正在评估研究，以评估在饲喂黑麦的火鸡雏鸡日粮中添加选定的能产生外源酶的直接投喂微生物（DFM）候选物。
