过量摄入糖分可能是个难以戒除的习惯：来自大脑和身体的视角。
Excessive Sugar Consumption May Be a Difficult Habit to Break: A View From the Brain and Body.
作者信息
Tryon Matthew S, Stanhope Kimber L, Epel Elissa S, Mason Ashley E, Brown Rashida, Medici Valentina, Havel Peter J, Laugero Kevin D
机构信息
Departments of Nutrition (M.S.T., K.L.S., K.D.L., P.J.H.) and Molecular Biosciences (P.J.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (V.M.), School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, and Stress Biology and Nutrition Research Laboratory (K.D.L.), Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, California 95616; and Department of Psychiatry (E.S.E., A.E.M., R.B.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.
出版信息
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;100(6):2239-47. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-4353. Epub 2015 Apr 16.
CONTEXT
Sugar overconsumption and chronic stress are growing health concerns because they both may increase the risk for obesity and its related diseases. Rodent studies suggest that sugar consumption may activate a glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway, which may turn off the stress response and thereby reinforce habitual sugar overconsumption.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to test our hypothesized glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain model in women consuming beverages sweetened with either aspartame of sucrose.
DESIGN
This was a parallel-arm, double-masked diet intervention study.
SETTING
The study was conducted at the University of California, Davis, Clinical and Translational Science Center's Clinical Research Center and the University of California, Davis, Medical Center Imaging Research Center.
PARTICIPANTS
Nineteen women (age range 18-40 y) with a body mass index (range 20-34 kg/m(2)) who were a subgroup from a National Institutes of Health-funded investigation of 188 participants assigned to eight experimental groups.
INTERVENTION
The intervention consisted of sucrose- or aspartame-sweetened beverage consumption three times per day for 2 weeks.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Salivary cortisol and regional brain responses to the Montreal Imaging Stress Task were measured.
RESULTS
Compared with aspartame, sucrose consumption was associated with significantly higher activity in the left hippocampus (P = .001). Sucrose, but not aspartame, consumption associated with reduced (P = .024) stress-induced cortisol. The sucrose group also had a lower reactivity to naltrexone, significantly (P = .041) lower nausea, and a trend (P = .080) toward lower cortisol.
CONCLUSION
These experimental findings support a metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway that is affected by sugar and may make some people under stress more hooked on sugar and possibly more vulnerable to obesity and its related conditions.
背景
糖分摄入过量和长期压力对健康的影响日益受到关注，因为它们都可能增加肥胖及其相关疾病的风险。啮齿动物研究表明，糖分摄入可能激活一条糖皮质激素 - 代谢 - 大脑负反馈通路，这可能会关闭应激反应，从而强化习惯性的糖分过量摄入。
目的
本研究的目的是在饮用含阿斯巴甜或蔗糖甜味饮料的女性中测试我们假设的糖皮质激素 - 代谢 - 大脑模型。
设计
这是一项平行组、双盲饮食干预研究。
地点
该研究在加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校临床与转化科学中心的临床研究中心以及加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校医学中心影像研究中心进行。
参与者
19名女性（年龄范围18 - 40岁），体重指数（范围20 - 34 kg/m²），她们是美国国立卫生研究院资助的一项对188名参与者进行调查的研究中的一个亚组，该研究将参与者分为8个实验组。
干预措施
干预包括每天饮用三次含蔗糖或阿斯巴甜的甜味饮料，持续2周。
主要观察指标
测量唾液皮质醇以及大脑对蒙特利尔影像应激任务的区域反应。
结果
与阿斯巴甜相比，蔗糖摄入与左侧海马体的活性显著更高相关（P = 0.001）。蔗糖摄入（而非阿斯巴甜摄入）与应激诱导的皮质醇降低相关（P = 0.024）。蔗糖组对纳曲酮的反应性也较低，恶心程度显著更低（P = 0.041），皮质醇水平有降低趋势（P = 0.080）。
结论
这些实验结果支持了一条受糖分影响的代谢 - 大脑负反馈通路，该通路可能使一些处于压力下的人更易对糖上瘾，可能更容易患肥胖症及其相关疾病。
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