Schuster Eva, Bulling Lea, Köppel Johann
Environmental Assessment and Planning Research Group, Berlin Institute of Technology, Strasse des 17. Juni 145, 10623, Berlin, Germany,
Environ Manage. 2015 Aug;56(2):300-31. doi: 10.1007/s00267-015-0501-5. Epub 2015 Apr 26.
Wind energy development contributes substantially to achieve climate protection goals. Unintended side effects, especially on wildlife, have long been discussed and substantial research has evolved over the last decade. At this stage, it is important to identify what we have learnt so far, as well as which predominant uncertainties and gaps remain. This review article aims to consolidate the state of knowledge, providing a qualitative analysis of the main effects of wind energy development on- and offshore, focusing on frequently studied species groups (bats, breeding and resting birds, raptors, migratory birds, marine mammals). We reviewed over 220 publications from which we identified predominant hypotheses that were summarized and displayed in tables. Journal publications, conference contributions, and further studies have been considered. We found that research focusing on offshore wind energy within the last couple of years has increased significantly as well, catching up with the vast amount of onshore studies. Some hypotheses have been verified by numerous publications and a consensus has been reached (e.g., correlation between bat activity and weather factors), while others are still being debated more (e.g., determination of migratory corridors) or remain unknown (e.g., effect on population level). Factors influencing potential effects were mainly related to species characteristics (morphology, phenology, abundance, behavior, and response to turbines) or site characteristics (landscape features, weather, and habitat quality). Consolidating the state of research provides the groundwork for the identification of mitigation measures and advanced planning approaches. However, the quantification of effects remains challenging and uncertainties will always persist.
风能开发对实现气候保护目标做出了重大贡献。长期以来，人们一直在讨论其意外的副作用，尤其是对野生动物的影响，并且在过去十年中开展了大量研究。在现阶段，明确我们目前所了解的情况以及仍然存在哪些主要的不确定性和差距非常重要。这篇综述文章旨在整合知识现状，对风能开发在陆上和海上产生的主要影响进行定性分析，重点关注经常被研究的物种群体（蝙蝠、繁殖和栖息鸟类、猛禽、候鸟、海洋哺乳动物）。我们查阅了220多篇出版物，从中确定了主要假设，并汇总在表格中展示。我们考虑了期刊出版物、会议论文以及其他研究。我们发现，过去几年中专注于海上风能的研究也显著增加，正在赶上大量的陆上研究。一些假设已被众多出版物证实并达成了共识（例如蝙蝠活动与天气因素之间的相关性），而其他一些假设仍在更多地进行辩论（例如迁徙路线的确定）或仍然未知（例如对种群水平的影响）。影响潜在影响的因素主要与物种特征（形态、物候、丰度、行为以及对涡轮机的反应）或场地特征（景观特征、天气和栖息地质量）有关。整合研究现状为确定缓解措施和先进的规划方法奠定了基础。然而，影响的量化仍然具有挑战性，不确定性将始终存在。
