Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East St, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia,
Sports Med. 2015 Jul;45(7):1041-63. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0329-4.
Competitive bodybuilders are well known for extreme physique traits and extremes in diet and training manipulation to optimize lean mass and achieve a low body fat. Although many of the dietary dogmas in bodybuilding lack scientific scrutiny, a number, including timing and dosing of high biological value proteins across the day, have more recently been confirmed as effective by empirical research studies. A more comprehensive understanding of the dietary intakes of bodybuilders has the potential to uncover other dietary approaches, deserving of scientific investigation, with application to the wider sporting, and potential health contexts, where manipulation of physique traits is desired.
Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of dietary intake practices of competitive bodybuilders, evaluate the quality and currency of the existing literature, and identify research gaps to inform future studies.
A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted from the earliest record until March 2014. The search combined permutations of the terms 'bodybuilding', 'dietary intake', and 'dietary supplement'. Included studies needed to report quantitative data (energy and macronutrients at a minimum) on habitual dietary intake of competitive bodybuilders.
The 18 manuscripts meeting eligibility criteria reported on 385 participants (n = 62 women). Most studies were published in the 1980-1990s, with three published in the past 5 years. Study methodological quality was evaluated as poor. Energy intake ranged from 10 to 24 MJ/day for men and from 4 to 14 MJ/day for women. Protein intake ranged from 1.9 to 4.3 g/kg for men and from 0.8 to 2.8 g/kg for women. Intake of carbohydrate and fat was <6 g/kg/day and below 30% of energy, respectively. Carbohydrate intakes were below, and protein (in men) intakes were higher than, the current recommendations for strength athletes, with no consideration for exploration of macronutrient quality or distribution over the day. Energy intakes varied over different phases of preparation, typically being highest in the non-competition (>6 months from competition) or immediate post-competition period and lowest during competition preparation (≤6 months from competition) or competition week. The most commonly reported dietary supplements were protein powders/liquids and amino acids. The studies failed to provide details on rationale for different dietary intakes. The contribution of diet supplements was also often not reported. When supplements were reported, intakes of some micronutrients were excessive (~1000% of US Recommended Dietary Allowance) and above the tolerable upper limit.
This review demonstrates that literature describing the dietary intake practices of competitive bodybuilders is dated and often of poor quality. Intake reporting required better specificity and details of the rationale underpinning the use. The review suggests that high-quality contemporary research is needed in this area, with the potential to uncover dietary strategies worthy of scientific exploration.
竞技健美运动员以其极端的体格特征和在饮食和训练操纵方面的极端做法而闻名，这些做法旨在优化瘦体重并达到低体脂。尽管健美运动员的许多饮食理念缺乏科学审查，但一些理念，包括一天中高生物价值蛋白质的时间安排和剂量，最近已经被实证研究证实是有效的。更全面地了解健美运动员的饮食摄入情况，有可能发现其他值得科学研究的饮食方法，这些方法可应用于更广泛的体育领域，以及可能需要改变体格特征的健康领域。
我们的目的是对竞技健美运动员的饮食摄入情况进行系统综述，评估现有文献的质量和时效性，并确定研究空白，以为未来的研究提供信息。
从最早的记录到 2014 年 3 月，我们对电子数据库进行了系统搜索。搜索结合了“健美”、“饮食摄入”和“饮食补充剂”等术语的各种组合。纳入的研究需要报告竞技健美运动员习惯性饮食摄入的定量数据（至少包括能量和宏量营养素）。
符合入选标准的 18 篇论文报告了 385 名参与者（62 名女性）的数据。大多数研究发表于 20 世纪 80 年代至 90 年代，其中 3 篇发表于过去 5 年。研究方法学质量评价较差。男性的能量摄入量范围为 10 至 24MJ/天，女性为 4 至 14MJ/天。男性的蛋白质摄入量范围为 1.9 至 4.3g/kg，女性为 0.8 至 2.8g/kg。碳水化合物摄入量<6g/kg/天，低于能量的 30%。碳水化合物摄入量低于当前对力量运动员的建议，而蛋白质（男性）摄入量高于建议，且没有考虑宏量营养素的质量或一天中的分布。不同准备阶段的能量摄入量不同，通常在非比赛期（距比赛>6 个月）或比赛后即刻期最高，而在比赛准备期（距比赛≤6 个月）或比赛周最低。最常报告的膳食补充剂是蛋白粉/液体和氨基酸。这些研究没有提供不同饮食摄入的理由的详细信息。饮食补充剂的贡献也经常没有报告。当报告补充剂时，一些微量营养素的摄入量过高（超过美国推荐膳食允许量的 1000%），超过了耐受上限。
本综述表明，描述竞技健美运动员饮食摄入情况的文献已经过时，且质量往往较差。报告的摄入量需要更具体和详细地说明其背后的原理。该综述表明，该领域需要高质量的当代研究，这有可能发现值得科学探索的饮食策略。
