Malisova Olga, Bountziouka Vassiliki, Zampelas Antonis, Kapsokefalou Maria
Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos St., Athens 11855, Greece.
Nutrients. 2015 May 15;7(5):3724-38. doi: 10.3390/nu7053724.
All drinks hydrate and most also provide nutrients and energy. Our objective was to evaluate the contribution of drinks to total energy intake in summer and winter. Data were obtained using the Water Balance Questionnaire (WBQ) from a sample of the general population in Athens, Greece (n = 984), 473 individuals (42 ± 18 years) in summer and 511 individuals (38 ± 20 years) in winter stratified by sex and age. The WBQ embeds a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire of 58 foods and the Short International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data were analyzed for the contribution of drinks to total energy intake. In winter, total energy intake was 2082 ± 892 kcal/day; energy intake from drinks was 479 ± 286 kcal/day and energy expenditure 1860 ± 390 kcal/day. In summer, total energy intake was 1890 ± 894 kcal/day, energy intake from drinks 492 ± 499 kcal/day and energy expenditure 1830 ± 491 kcal/day. Energy intake from drinks in summer was higher than in winter (p < 0.001) and in men higher than in women in both seasons (p < 0.001 in summer, p = 0.02 in winter). Coffee, coffee drinks, milk, chocolate milk and alcoholic drinks contributed approximately 75% of energy from drinks. Fruit juice and sugar-sweetened drinks, including soft drinks and fruit juice based drinks, were consumed less frequently contributing up to 25% of drink energy intake. Drinks contribute approximately 1/4 of total energy intake depending on the energy content of the drink and frequency of consumption. Coffee, dairy and alcoholic drinks were the main energy contributors.
所有饮品都能补充水分，而且大多数还能提供营养和能量。我们的目标是评估夏季和冬季饮品对总能量摄入的贡献。数据来自希腊雅典普通人群样本（n = 984），通过水平衡问卷（WBQ）获取，夏季有473人（42±18岁），冬季有511人（38±20岁），按性别和年龄分层。WBQ包含一份58种食物的半定量食物频率问卷以及简短国际体力活动问卷。分析数据以评估饮品对总能量摄入的贡献。冬季，总能量摄入为2082±892千卡/天；饮品的能量摄入为479±286千卡/天，能量消耗为1860±390千卡/天。夏季，总能量摄入为1890±894千卡/天，饮品的能量摄入为492±499千卡/天，能量消耗为1830±491千卡/天。夏季饮品的能量摄入高于冬季（p < 0.001），且两个季节中男性的饮品能量摄入均高于女性（夏季p < 0.001，冬季p = 0.02）。咖啡、咖啡饮品、牛奶、巧克力牛奶和酒精饮料贡献了饮品能量的约75%。果汁和含糖饮料，包括软饮料和果汁基饮料，饮用频率较低，贡献了饮品能量摄入的至多25%。饮品对总能量摄入的贡献约为四分之一，这取决于饮品的能量含量和饮用频率。咖啡、乳制品和酒精饮料是主要的能量贡献者。
