Palladium-catalysed norbornene-mediated C-H functionalization of arenes.

The Catellani reaction--a palladium-catalysed C-H functionalization reaction mediated by norbornene--was first reported in 1997. The capacity to functionalize both the ortho and ipso positions of aryl halides in a single transformation held great appeal. We reported an annulative Catellani reaction in 2000. Since then, our two groups have explored the synthetic utility of this reaction and dramatic progress has been made by a number of groups in the past five years. Whereas the original Catellani reaction uses Pd(0) catalysts, recent studies have shown that Pd(II) catalysts can be used in combination with norbornene to effect (1) direct 2-alkylation of indoles and pyrroles and (2) selective meta-C-H functionalization of arenes bearing commonly used ortho-directing groups, thereby opening new avenues for future research. We describe the most recent developments concerning the Pd-catalysed norbornene-mediated C-H functionalization of arenes, including applications in natural products synthesis. We outline challenges and future opportunities.