Tomasino Barbara, Canderan Cinzia, Marin Dario, Maieron Marta, Gremese Michele, D'Agostini Serena, Fabbro Franco, Skrap Miran
Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico "E. Medea", Polo Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia Udine, Italy.
Fisica Medica A.O.S. Maria della Misericordia Udine, Italy.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Oct 21;9:567. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00567. eCollection 2015.
Our environment is full of auditory events such as warnings or hazards, and their correct recognition is essential. We explored environmental sounds (ES) recognition in a series of studies. In study 1 we performed an Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging experiments addressing ES processing to delineate the network of areas consistently involved in ES processing. Areas consistently activated in the ALE meta-analysis were the STG/MTG, insula/rolandic operculum, parahippocampal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally. Some of these areas truly reflect ES processing, whereas others are related to design choices, e.g., type of task, type of control condition, type of stimulus. In study 2 we report on 7 neurosurgical patients with lesions involving the areas which were found to be activated by the ALE meta-analysis. We tested their ES recognition abilities and found an impairment of ES recognition. These results indicate that deficits of ES recognition do not exclusively reflect lesions to the right or to the left hemisphere but both hemispheres are involved. The most frequently lesioned area is the hippocampus/insula/STG. We made sure that any impairment in ES recognition would not be related to language problems, but reflect impaired ES processing. In study 3 we carried out an fMRI study on patients (vs. healthy controls) to investigate how the areas involved in ES might be functionally deregulated because of a lesion. The fMRI evidenced that controls activated the right IFG, the STG bilaterally and the left insula. We applied a multimodal mapping approach and found that, although the meta-analysis showed that part of the left and right STG/MTG activation during ES processing might in part be related to design choices, this area was one of the most frequently lesioned areas in our patients, thus highlighting its causal role in ES processing. We found that the ROIs we drew on the two clusters of activation found in the left and in the right STG overlapped with the lesions of at least 4 out of the 7 patients' lesions, indicating that the lack of STG activation found for patients is related to brain damage and is crucial for explaining the ES deficit.
我们的环境中充满了诸如警告或危险之类的听觉事件，正确识别这些事件至关重要。我们在一系列研究中探索了环境声音（ES）识别。在研究1中，我们对涉及ES处理的神经成像实验进行了激活可能性估计（ALE）元分析，以描绘始终参与ES处理的脑区网络。ALE元分析中始终被激活的脑区是双侧颞上回/颞中回、脑岛/中央 operculum、海马旁回和额下回。其中一些脑区真正反映了ES处理，而其他脑区则与设计选择有关，例如任务类型、对照条件类型、刺激类型。在研究2中，我们报告了7例神经外科患者，其病变累及ALE元分析中发现被激活的脑区。我们测试了他们的ES识别能力，发现ES识别受损。这些结果表明，ES识别缺陷并非仅反映右半球或左半球的病变，而是两个半球均参与其中。最常受损的脑区是海马体/脑岛/颞上回。我们确保ES识别方面的任何损伤都与语言问题无关，而是反映ES处理受损。在研究3中，我们对患者（与健康对照相比）进行了功能磁共振成像（fMRI）研究，以调查由于病变，参与ES处理的脑区可能如何在功能上失调。fMRI证明，对照组激活了右侧额下回、双侧颞上回和左侧脑岛。我们应用了多模态映射方法，发现尽管元分析表明ES处理过程中左右颞上回/颞中回部分激活可能部分与设计选择有关，但该脑区是我们患者中最常受损的脑区之一，从而突出了其在ES处理中的因果作用。我们发现，我们在左右颞上回发现的两个激活簇上绘制的感兴趣区域（ROIs）与7例患者中至少4例患者的病变重叠，这表明患者缺乏颞上回激活与脑损伤有关，对于解释ES缺陷至关重要。
