Greaney Jody L, Kenney W Larry, Alexander Lacy M
Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
Auton Neurosci. 2016 Apr;196:81-90. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.11.002. Epub 2015 Nov 25.
Humans control their core temperature within a narrow range via precise adjustments of the autonomic nervous system. In response to changing core and/or skin temperature, several critical thermoregulatory reflex effector responses are initiated and include shivering, sweating, and changes in cutaneous blood flow. Cutaneous vasomotor adjustments, mediated by modulations in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), aid in the maintenance of thermal homeostasis during cold and heat stress since (1) they serve as the first line of defense of body temperature and are initiated before other thermoregulatory effectors, and (2) they are on the efferent arm of non-thermoregulatory reflex systems, aiding in the maintenance of blood pressure and organ perfusion. This review article highlights the sympathetic responses of humans to thermal stress, with a specific focus on primary aging as well as impairments that occur in both heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Age- and pathology-related changes in efferent muscle and skin SNA during cold and heat stress, measured directly in humans using microneurography, are discussed.
人类通过自主神经系统的精确调节，将核心体温控制在一个狭窄的范围内。作为对不断变化的核心体温和/或皮肤温度的响应，会启动几种关键的体温调节反射效应反应，包括颤抖、出汗以及皮肤血流量的变化。由交感神经活动（SNA）调节介导的皮肤血管舒缩调节，有助于在寒冷和热应激期间维持热稳态，原因如下：（1）它们作为体温的第一道防线，在其他体温调节效应器之前启动；（2）它们位于非体温调节反射系统的传出支，有助于维持血压和器官灌注。这篇综述文章重点介绍了人类对热应激的交感反应，特别关注原发性衰老以及心脏病和2型糖尿病中出现的损伤。文中讨论了在人类中使用微神经ography直接测量的寒冷和热应激期间传出肌肉和皮肤SNA中与年龄和病理相关的变化。
