Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada.
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada ; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada.
Front Vet Sci. 2015 Sep 23;2:36. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00036. eCollection 2015.
A diverse microbial population colonizes the sterile mammalian gastrointestinal tract during and after the birth. There is increasing evidence that this complex microbiome plays a crucial role in the development of the mucosal immune system and influences newborn health. Microbial colonization is a complex process influenced by a two-way interaction between host and microbes and a variety of external factors, including maternal microbiota, birth process, diet, and antibiotics. Following this initial colonization, continuous exposure to host-specific microbes is not only essential for development and maturation of the mucosal immune system but also the nutrition and health of the animal. Thus, it is important to understand host-microbiome interactions within the context of individual animal species and specific management practices. Data is now being generated revealing significant associations between the early microbiome, development of the mucosal immune system, and the growth and health of newborn calves. The current review focuses on recent information and discusses the limitation of current data and the potential challenges to better characterizing key host-specific microbial interactions. We also discuss potential strategies that may be used to manipulate the early microbiome to improve production and health during the time when newborn calves are most susceptible to enteric disease.
在哺乳动物出生期间和之后，多种微生物种群定植于无菌的胃肠道中。越来越多的证据表明，这个复杂的微生物组在黏膜免疫系统的发育中起着至关重要的作用，并影响新生儿的健康。微生物定植是一个复杂的过程，受到宿主和微生物之间的双向相互作用以及多种外部因素的影响，包括母体微生物群、分娩过程、饮食和抗生素。在最初定植之后，持续接触宿主特异性微生物不仅对黏膜免疫系统的发育和成熟至关重要，而且对动物的营养和健康也至关重要。因此，了解个体动物物种和特定管理实践中的宿主-微生物组相互作用非常重要。现在正在生成的数据揭示了早期微生物组、黏膜免疫系统发育以及新生牛犊生长和健康之间的显著关联。本综述重点介绍了最新信息，并讨论了当前数据的局限性以及更好地描述关键宿主特异性微生物相互作用的潜在挑战。我们还讨论了可能用于操纵早期微生物组以改善新生牛犊最易患肠道疾病时的生产和健康的潜在策略。
