Soelberg Jens, Jäger Anna K
Museum of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016 Jan 6;12:2. doi: 10.1186/s13002-015-0063-x.
The mountainous Wakhan and Pamir in northeastern Afghanistan is one of the most isolated yet inhabited places in Asia. It is home to the agropastoralist Wakhi and the last Afghan semi-nomadic Kyrgyz. We present a study of plant names and uses, along with comparisons of plant name etymology, origins of plant resources, intra- and intercultural exchanges and relations, and the relative availability of the known and used plants.
The fieldwork was conducted as an expedition in the summer of 2010, and visited settlements and pastures in Upper Wakhan and Big and Little Pamir. Semi-structured group interviews, talks and observations gave initial data on names, uses and the relative availability of used plants, and provided foundation for individual interviews using an interview-herbarium containing vouchers of the 72 most frequently used plants or plant groups.
Wakhi and Kyrgyz plant names are recorded in western transcription, the new Wakhi alphabet, phonetically and in Cyrillic. The present study documents a large body of endemic, indigenous plant knowledge; on crops, fuel, fodder, cosmetics, dyes, vegetables, veterinary medicine, traditional medicines and other plant uses which sustain life in Wakhan and Pamir. Overall, the Wakhi use considerably more plants than the Kyrgyz, and their materia medica and use thereof is more complex. Although the Wakhi and Kyrgyz are close neighbours, there are few indications of direct knowledge transfer between them. Most shared plant uses are strictly necessary for survival in the mountains. While there are few differences between genders and cultural subgroups within the two cultures, the Wakhi and Kyrgyz exhibit great differences both in their total number of use-plants and the distance from which they obtain them. The agropastoralist Wakhi appear to have their basic needs for wild natural resources covered within half a days travel, while the relatively plant-derived environment of the high Pamir appears to have necessitated the nomadic Kyrgyz to adapt by developing uses and obtaining plants that are comparatively remote.
The comparative differences in plant uses between the agropastoralist Wakhi and nomadic Kyrgyz appear to be accentuated by an environment at the extreme of what is humanly possible.
阿富汗东北部多山的瓦罕和帕米尔地区是亚洲最与世隔绝但有人居住的地方之一。这里是农牧民瓦罕人的家园，也是阿富汗最后的半游牧吉尔吉斯人的聚居地。我们展示了一项关于植物名称及用途的研究，同时对植物名称词源、植物资源起源、文化内部与文化间的交流及关系，以及已知和使用植物的相对可得性进行了比较。
2010年夏天，我们以探险的形式开展了实地考察，走访了上瓦罕、大帕米尔和小帕米尔的定居点及牧场。通过半结构化的小组访谈、交谈和观察，获取了关于植物名称、用途及使用植物相对可得性的初步数据，并为使用包含72种最常用植物或植物类群凭证的访谈标本集进行个人访谈奠定了基础。
瓦罕语和吉尔吉斯语的植物名称以西方转写、新瓦罕字母、音标及西里尔文记录。本研究记录了大量地方性、本土植物知识；关于作物、燃料、饲料、化妆品、染料、蔬菜、兽用药物、传统药物及其他维持瓦罕和帕米尔地区生命的植物用途。总体而言，瓦罕人使用的植物种类比吉尔吉斯人多得多，他们的药物及其使用更为复杂。尽管瓦罕人和吉尔吉斯人是近邻，但几乎没有迹象表明他们之间有直接的知识传播。大多数共有的植物用途对于在山区生存来说是绝对必要的。虽然两种文化中不同性别和文化亚群体之间差异不大，但瓦罕人和吉尔吉斯人在使用植物的总数以及获取植物的距离方面存在很大差异。农牧民瓦罕人似乎在半天的行程内就能满足对野生自然资源的基本需求，而高海拔帕米尔地区相对依赖植物的环境似乎使游牧的吉尔吉斯人不得不通过开发用途和获取相对较远的植物来适应。
农牧民瓦罕人和游牧吉尔吉斯人在植物用途上的比较差异，似乎因处于人类可能生存环境的极端而更加突出。
