White Darcy, Risko Evan F, Besner Derek
Psychology Department, Perception and Cognition Unit (CPU), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2016 Oct;23(5):1576-1581. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1014-9.
Previous analyses of the standard Stroop effect (which typically uses color words that form part of the response set) have documented effects on mean reaction times in hundreds of experiments in the literature. Less well known is the fact that ex-Gaussian analyses reveal that such effects are seen in (a) the mean of the normal distribution (mu), as well as in (b) the standard deviation of the normal distribution (sigma) and (c) the tail (tau). No ex-Gaussian analysis exists in the literature with respect to the semantically based Stroop effect (which contrasts incongruent color-associated words with, e.g., neutral controls). In the present experiments, we investigated whether the semantically based Stroop effect is also seen in the three ex-Gaussian parameters. Replicating previous reports, color naming was slower when the color was carried by an irrelevant (but incongruent) color-associated word (e.g., sky, tomato) than when the control items consisted of neutral words (e.g., keg, palace) in each of four experiments. An ex-Gaussian analysis revealed that this semantically based Stroop effect was restricted to the arithmetic mean and mu; no semantic Stroop effect was observed in tau. These data are consistent with the views (1) that there is a clear difference in the source of the semantic Stroop effect, as compared to the standard Stroop effect (evidenced by the presence vs. absence of an effect on tau), and (2) that interference associated with response competition on incongruent trials in tau is absent in the semantic Stroop effect.
以往对标准斯特鲁普效应（通常使用构成反应集一部分的颜色词）的分析已在数百篇文献实验中记录了对平均反应时间的影响。鲜为人知的是，前高斯分析表明，这种效应体现在：(a)正态分布的均值（μ），以及(b)正态分布的标准差（σ）和(c)尾部（τ）。关于基于语义的斯特鲁普效应（将不一致的颜色关联词与例如中性对照进行对比），文献中不存在前高斯分析。在本实验中，我们研究了基于语义的斯特鲁普效应是否也体现在这三个前高斯参数中。重复先前的报告，在四个实验中的每一个实验里，当颜色由不相关（但不一致）的颜色关联词（例如天空、西红柿）呈现时，颜色命名比对照项目由中性词（例如小桶、宫殿）呈现时更慢。前高斯分析表明，这种基于语义的斯特鲁普效应仅限于算术平均值和μ；在τ中未观察到语义斯特鲁普效应。这些数据与以下观点一致：(1)与标准斯特鲁普效应相比，语义斯特鲁普效应的来源存在明显差异（τ上有无效应可证明）；(2)语义斯特鲁普效应中不存在与τ中不一致试验上的反应竞争相关的干扰。
