Goni Leticia, Cuervo Marta, Milagro Fermín I, Martínez J Alfredo
Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
J Nutr. 2015 Apr 1;146(4):905S-912S. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.218354.
As obesity has become a major global public health challenge, a large number of studies have analyzed different strategies aimed at inducing a negative energy balance and, consequently, body weight loss. However, most existing weight loss programs are generally unsuccessful, so several interventions have been carried out to identify physiologic and behavioral factors concerning this variability in order to implement more personalized treatment. Nowadays, an individualized approach is being proposed through so-called personalized nutrition, whereby not only the phenotype but also the genotype is used for customized nutrition treatment. Regarding body weight regulation, ∼70 polymorphisms have been identified in or near genes related to energy expenditure, appetite, adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism. Although personalized nutrition refers mainly to genetic makeup, recent advances in the investigation of the epigenome and the microbiome open the door to implement more personalized recommendations for body weight management. In this context, recent studies have demonstrated the existence of several epigenetic markers that may modify gene expression and could be involved in the outcome of weight loss interventions. Moreover, different studies have shown that dietary interventions could affect the composition of gut microbiota and have an impact on body weight. The integration of nutrigenetic, epigenetic, and metagenomic data may lead to the design of more personalized dietary treatments to prevent chronic diseases and to optimize the individual's response to dietary interventions.
随着肥胖已成为一项重大的全球公共卫生挑战，大量研究分析了旨在引发负能量平衡从而实现体重减轻的不同策略。然而，大多数现有的减肥计划总体上并不成功，因此已开展了多项干预措施，以确定与这种变异性相关的生理和行为因素，以便实施更个性化的治疗。如今，正通过所谓的个性化营养提出一种个体化方法，即不仅使用表型，还使用基因型来进行定制化营养治疗。关于体重调节，在与能量消耗、食欲、脂肪生成、胰岛素抵抗和脂质代谢相关的基因内部或附近已鉴定出约70种多态性。尽管个性化营养主要指的是基因构成，但表观基因组和微生物组研究的最新进展为实施更个性化的体重管理建议打开了大门。在此背景下，最近的研究已证明存在几种可能会改变基因表达且可能参与减肥干预结果的表观遗传标记。此外，不同的研究表明，饮食干预可能会影响肠道微生物群的组成并对体重产生影响。整合营养遗传学、表观遗传学和宏基因组学数据可能会带来更个性化饮食治疗方案的设计，以预防慢性病并优化个体对饮食干预的反应。
