Ginther Donna K, Kahn Shulamit, Schaffer Walter T
D.K. Ginther is professor, Department of Economics, and director, Center for Science, Technology & Economic Policy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, and research associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. S. Kahn is associate professor, Department of Markets, Public Policy, and Law, Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. W.T. Schaffer is senior scientific advisor, Division of Biomedical Workforce, Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Acad Med. 2016 Aug;91(8):1098-107. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001278.
To analyze the relationship between gender, race/ethnicity, and the probability of being awarded an R01 grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The authors used data from the NIH Information for Management, Planning, Analysis, and Coordination grants management database for the years 2000-2006 to examine gender differences and race/ethnicity-specific gender differences in the probability of receiving an R01 Type 1 award. The authors used descriptive statistics and probit models to determine the relationship between gender, race/ethnicity, degree, investigator experience, and R01 award probability, controlling for a large set of observable characteristics.
White women PhDs and MDs were as likely as white men to receive an R01 award. Compared with white women, Asian and black women PhDs and black women MDs were significantly less likely to receive funding. Women submitted fewer grant applications, and blacks and women who were new investigators were more likely to submit only one application between 2000 and 2006.
Differences by race/ethnicity explain the NIH funding gap for women of color, as white women have a slight advantage over men in receiving Type 1 awards. Findings of a lower submission rate for women and an increased likelihood that they will submit only one proposal are consistent with research showing that women avoid competition. Policies designed to address the racial and ethnic diversity of the biomedical workforce have the potential to improve funding outcomes for women of color.
分析性别、种族/族裔与获得美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）R01资助可能性之间的关系。
作者使用了NIH管理、规划、分析与协调资助管理数据库2000 - 2006年的数据，以研究获得R01一类资助可能性中的性别差异以及特定种族/族裔的性别差异。作者使用描述性统计和概率模型来确定性别、种族/族裔、学位、研究者经验与R01资助可能性之间的关系，并控制了大量可观察特征。
白人女性博士和医学博士获得R01资助的可能性与白人男性相同。与白人女性相比，亚裔和黑人女性博士以及黑人女性医学博士获得资助的可能性显著更低。女性提交的资助申请较少，2000年至2006年间，黑人以及新入职的女性研究者更有可能只提交一份申请。
种族/族裔差异解释了有色人种女性在NIH资助方面的差距，因为白人女性在获得一类资助方面比男性略有优势。女性提交率较低且更有可能只提交一份申请的结果与表明女性避免竞争的研究一致。旨在解决生物医学劳动力种族和族裔多样性问题的政策有可能改善有色人种女性的资助结果。
