D'Amato Gennaro, Pawankar Ruby, Vitale Carolina, Lanza Maurizia, Molino Antonio, Stanziola Anna, Sanduzzi Alessandro, Vatrella Alessandro, D'Amato Maria
Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Department of Chest Diseases High Speciality, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Napoli, Italy.
University "Federico II", Medical School, Naples, Italy.
Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2016 Sep;8(5):391-5. doi: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.5.391.
A body of evidence suggests that major changes involving the atmosphere and the climate, including global warming induced by anthropogenic factors, have impact on the biosphere and human environment. Studies on the effects of climate change on respiratory allergy are still lacking and current knowledge is provided by epidemiological and experimental studies on the relationship between allergic respiratory diseases, asthma and environmental factors, such as meteorological variables, airborne allergens, and air pollution. Urbanization with its high levels of vehicle emissions, and a westernized lifestyle are linked to the rising frequency of respiratory allergic diseases and bronchial asthma observed over recent decades in most industrialized countries. However, it is not easy to evaluate the impact of climate changes and air pollution on the prevalence of asthma in the general population and on the timing of asthma exacerbations, although the global rise in asthma prevalence and severity could also be an effect of air pollution and climate change. Since airborne allergens and air pollutants are frequently increased contemporaneously in the atmosphere, an enhanced IgE-mediated response to aeroallergens and enhanced airway inflammation could account for the increasing frequency of respiratory allergy and asthma in atopic subjects in the last 5 decades. Pollen allergy is frequently used to study the relationship between air pollution and respiratory allergic diseases, such as rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that urbanization, high levels of vehicle emissions, and westernized lifestyle are correlated with an increased frequency of respiratory allergy prevalently in people who live in urban areas in comparison with people living in rural areas. Climatic factors (temperature, wind speed, humidity, thunderstorms, etc.) can affect both components (biological and chemical) of this interaction.
大量证据表明，涉及大气和气候的重大变化，包括人为因素导致的全球变暖，对生物圈和人类环境产生影响。关于气候变化对呼吸道过敏影响的研究仍然缺乏，目前的知识来自于对过敏性呼吸道疾病、哮喘与环境因素（如气象变量、空气传播变应原和空气污染）之间关系的流行病学和实验研究。城市化及其高水平的车辆排放以及西方化的生活方式与大多数工业化国家近几十年来观察到的呼吸道过敏性疾病和支气管哮喘发病率上升有关。然而，评估气候变化和空气污染对普通人群哮喘患病率以及哮喘发作时间的影响并不容易，尽管全球哮喘患病率和严重程度的上升也可能是空气污染和气候变化的结果。由于空气传播变应原和空气污染物在大气中经常同时增加，过去50年中，特应性个体中对气传变应原的IgE介导反应增强和气道炎症增强可能是呼吸道过敏和哮喘发病率增加的原因。花粉过敏常被用于研究空气污染与呼吸道过敏性疾病（如鼻炎和支气管哮喘）之间的关系。流行病学研究表明，与农村地区居民相比，城市化、高水平的车辆排放和西方化的生活方式与城市地区居民呼吸道过敏发病率增加相关。气候因素（温度、风速、湿度、雷暴等）会影响这种相互作用的两个组成部分（生物和化学）。
